Effect of A Basic Manipulative Movement Model Towards Concentration Students
Abstract
This research was motivated by the low level of student concentration, especially in throwing and catching material. If left unchecked, it will actually result in low student concentration during physical education learning for elementary school students. This study wants to observe the differences effect of concentration students during learning using the manipulative basic movement model and conventional in elementary school. This research is Experimental design, using randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Population is 600 students in 12 classes at SDI Darussalam Cikunir, and sampling technique used Randomized, with 30 students in class 5 B will learn using the manipulative basic movement model and 30 students in class 5 C learn using the conventional. Instrument used the concentration grid test. Data was processed using Paired and Independent t Test. Results of Paired test show the experimental group obtained t 9.122, Sig. 0.000 and the control group obtained t 0.239, Sig. 0.183. That's mean the experimental group had an improvement in concentration and the control group didn't. Result of Independent t test obtained t 7.074, Sig. 0,000. That's mean the experimental group who learned using basic manipulative movement model has a significant effect on students' concentration than the control. Learning physical education using manipulative basic movement models was have a better effect than conventional on student concentration. These findings suggest every teacher should be able to provide meaningful, useful learning that is able to support the growth and development of their students, such as this basic manipulative movement model
References
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Boshoff-Knoetze, A., Duminy, L., & Du Toit, Y. (2023). Examining the effect of self-regulation failure on academic achievement in emergency remote teaching and learning versus face-to-face. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(2), 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2021-0305
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Chen, W., Wang, X., Gu, X., & Chen, J. (2021). The impacts of coordinated-bilateral ball skills intervention on attention and concentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness among fourth-grade students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111634
Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2023). Trust in principals, leaders’ focus on instruction, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy: testing a multilevel mediation model. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 51(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968170
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Gao, Y., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). The Development of a Management Model on An Integration of Physical Education, Health Education, and Medical Practice for Sustainable Students’ Health Development. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews, 4(1), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.3774
Ginanjar, S., Tarigan, B., Hendrayana, Y., & Juliantine, T. (2020). Enhancing Kinaesthetic Intelligence Using Project-Based Learning Models. In Health & P. E. (ICSSHPE 2019) 4th I. C. on Sport Science (Eds.), 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (pp. 75–78).
González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2023). Jigsaw Puzzle technique vs. traditional group work: academic performance and satisfaction of the university students. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 18(58), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v18i58.2034
Iqbal, M., Sonjaya, A. R., Kosasih, A. H., & Arifin, Z. (2025). Student and Teacher Coefficients in Large Ball Learning Through the Jigsaw Model at SMPN 1 Leles. Competitor: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(3), 3219–3225.
Jabson Tree, J. M., Benjamin, S., & McCoy, D. L. (2025). Enhancing Self‐Efficacy for Engagement With Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives: Evaluation of a Seven‐Day Immersive Pilot Program in a College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences. Diversity & Inclusion Research, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/dvr2.70021
Jiang, M., Yu, H., He, J., Qian, G., & Bialas, M. (2023). Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Instructional Models in Training In-Service Physical Education Teachers in Southwest China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139993
Kara, M., & Çetin, M. Ç. (2025). The Role of the Jigsaw Technique in the Basketball Development of Middle School Students: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Domains Article History. INTJORASS, 9(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1730714
Kwon, J., Roh, S. Y., & Kwon, D. (2024). Correlation Between Physical Activity and Learning Concentration, Self-Management, and Interpersonal Skills Among Korean Adolescents. Children, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111328
Liebendörfer, M., Kempen, L., & Schukajlow, S. (2023). First-year university students’ self-regulated learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative longitudinal study. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 55(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01444-5
Lim, L., Bannert, M., van der Graaf, J., Singh, S., Fan, Y., Surendrannair, S., Rakovic, M., Molenaar, I., Moore, J., & Gašević, D. (2023). Effects of real-time analytics-based personalized scaffolds on students’ self-regulated learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107547
Lubis, J., Haqiyah, A., Robianto, A., Ihsani, S. I., Wardoyo, H., Ginanjar, S., Irawan, A. A., Sumartiningsih, S., Setiawan, I., Lubis, R. A., Sanjaya, K. H., & Kusumandari, D. E. (2024). The effect of six-week plyometric, functional, and interval trainings on body composition, power, and kicking speed in male Pencak Silat University Athletes. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1371605
Maesaroh, L., Suma Wijaya, M., Hafid, J., Rosad, R., Shopi-ani, A., & Maulana Mahmud, A. (2025). Efforts to Improve Learning Concentration and Learning Outcomes Through Extracurricular Activities of Wushu Sanda Sports for Junior High School Students. In Journal of Physical Education (Vol. 14, Number 1). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr
Magistro, D., Piumatti, G., Carlevaro, F., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., Bardaglio, G., Magno, F., Zecca, M., & Musella, G. (2020). Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(9), 860–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.014
Maiztegi-Kortabarria, J., Arribas-Galarraga, S., Luis-de Cos, I., Espoz-Lazo, S., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2024). Effect of an Active Break Intervention on Attention, Concentration, Academic Performance, and Self-Concept in Compulsory Secondary Education. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(3), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14030030
Muljana, P. S., Dabas, C. S., & Luo, T. (2023). Examining the relationships among self-regulated learning, homework timeliness, and course achievement: a context of female students learning quantitative topics. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1936703
Murphy, L., Eduljee, N. B., & Croteau, K. (2021). Teacher-Centered versus Student-Centered Teaching. Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education, 4(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.36021/jethe.v4i1.156
Nurdiyan Haris, I., Rahmi Stephani, M., Maniarta Sari, T., Eka Mayasari, R., Hidayat Nasir, S., Rahman, I., Rijal, S., Nurtanzis Sutoyo, M., November, S., Haris, N., Stephani, R., Sari, M., Ma-yasari, E., & Nasir, H. (2025). Learning models, self-efficacy, and the influence on students’ learning outcomes of basic techniques in soccer Modelos de aprendizaje, autoeficacia e influencia de las técnicas básicas del fútbol en los resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Retos, 65(1), 686–697. https://doi.org/10.47197/re
O’Brien, W., Khodaverdi, Z., Bolger, L., Murphy, O., Philpott, C., & Kearney, P. E. (2023). Exploring Recommendations for Child and Adolescent Fundamental Movement Skills Development: A Narrative Review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 20, Number 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043278
Park, E., Ifenthaler, D., & Clariana, R. B. (2023). Adaptive or adapted to: Sequence and reflexive thematic analysis to understand learners’ self-regulated learning in an adaptive learning analytics dashboard. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 98–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13287
Puente-Maxera, F., Méndez-Giménez, A., & de Ojeda, D. M. (2021). Physical activity levels during a Sport Education season of games from around the world. European Physical Education Review, 27(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20939591
Putranto, J. S., Heriyanto, J., Kenny, Achmad, S., & Kurniawan, A. (2023). Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education and training: Systematic literature review. Procedia Computer Science, 216, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.139
Qin, L., Ho, W. K. Y., & Khoo, S. (2025). Factor structure and measurement invariance of exercise self-efficacy scale among secondary school students in China. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89287-4
Rico-González, M., Martín-Moya, R., Carlos-Vivas, J., Giles-Girela, F. J., Ardigò, L. P., & González-Fernández, F. T. (2025). Is Cardiopulmonary Fitness Related to Attention, Concentration, and Academic Performance in Different Subjects in Schoolchildren? Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030272
Rihatno, T., Nuraini, S., Samsudin., Ginanjar, S., Setiawan, A., Sutoyo (2026). Pembelajaran Model Gerak Dasar Manipulatif Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Konsentrasi Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta. Putra Surya Santosa
Sorgente, V., Cohen, E. J., Bravi, R., & Minciacchi, D. (2022). The Best of Two Different Visual Instructions in Improving Precision Ball-Throwing and Standing Long Jump Performances in Primary School Children. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010008
Sulz, L., Robinson, D. B., Morrison, H., Read, J., Johnson, A., Johnston, L., & Frail, K. (2024). A scoping review of K–12 health education in Canada: understanding school stakeholders’ perceptions. Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2024.2311113
Ummah, S. K., In’am, A., & Azmi, R. D. (2019). CREATING MANIPULATIVES: IMPROVING STUDENTS’ CREATIVITY THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING. Journal on Mathematics Education, 10(1), 93–102.
Zach, S., Shoval, E., & Shulruf, B. (2023). Cooperative learning in physical education lessons - literature review. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1273423
Zhou, Y., Fan, C., & Zhang, S. (2025). A longitudinal examination of loneliness in left-behind children: the interaction between self-esteem and academic self-efficacy matters. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02635-x
Zimmerman, B., & Kitsantas, A. (2007). Reliability and validity of self-efficacy for learning form (SELF) scores of college students. Journal of Psychology, 215(3), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.215.3.157
Aydın, Ö., Doğan, E., Sevilmiş, E., & Karagülmez Sağlam, Ç. (2024). Examining the effects of attention and concentration levels on reaction time in fencing. Physical Education of Students, 28(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2024.0206
Beseler, B., Plumb, M. S., Spittle, M., Johnson, N. F., Harvey, J. T., & Mesagno, C. (2024). Examining Single Session Peer-Teaching Instructional Approaches on Pre-Service Physical Education Teachers’ Throwing Techniques. In Perceptual and Motor Skills (Vol. 131, Number 1, pp. 246–266). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125231214126
Bjørke, L., & Mordal Moen, K. (2020). Cooperative learning in physical education: a study of students’ learning journey over 24 lessons. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 25(6), 600–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2020.1761955
Boke, H., Aygun, Y., Tufekci, S., Yagin, F. H., Canpolat, B., Norman, G., Prieto-González, P., & Ardigò, L. P. (2025). Effects of cooperative learning on students’ learning outcomes in physical education: a meta-analysis. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 16). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1508808
Boshoff-Knoetze, A., Duminy, L., & Du Toit, Y. (2023). Examining the effect of self-regulation failure on academic achievement in emergency remote teaching and learning versus face-to-face. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 15(2), 342–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2021-0305
Casey, A., & Fernandez-Rio, J. (2019). Cooperative Learning and the Affective Domain. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 90(3), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2019.1559671
Chen, W., Wang, X., Gu, X., & Chen, J. (2021). The impacts of coordinated-bilateral ball skills intervention on attention and concentration, and cardiorespiratory fitness among fourth-grade students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111634
Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2023). Trust in principals, leaders’ focus on instruction, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy: testing a multilevel mediation model. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 51(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220968170
Creswell, W. J. (2018). Research Design Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (Vol. 4).
Fox, K., Jarad, F., & Baaij, A. (2025). The use of coaching to enhance students’ learning, self‐efficacy and performance in endodontics. International Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.14241
Gao, Y., & Tasnaina, N. (2024). The Development of a Management Model on An Integration of Physical Education, Health Education, and Medical Practice for Sustainable Students’ Health Development. International Journal of Sociologies and Anthropologies Science Reviews, 4(1), 305–322. https://doi.org/10.60027/ijsasr.2024.3774
Ginanjar, S., Tarigan, B., Hendrayana, Y., & Juliantine, T. (2020). Enhancing Kinaesthetic Intelligence Using Project-Based Learning Models. In Health & P. E. (ICSSHPE 2019) 4th I. C. on Sport Science (Eds.), 4th International Conference on Sport Science, Health, and Physical Education (pp. 75–78).
González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2023). Jigsaw Puzzle technique vs. traditional group work: academic performance and satisfaction of the university students. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 18(58), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v18i58.2034
Iqbal, M., Sonjaya, A. R., Kosasih, A. H., & Arifin, Z. (2025). Student and Teacher Coefficients in Large Ball Learning Through the Jigsaw Model at SMPN 1 Leles. Competitor: Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga, 17(3), 3219–3225.
Jabson Tree, J. M., Benjamin, S., & McCoy, D. L. (2025). Enhancing Self‐Efficacy for Engagement With Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives: Evaluation of a Seven‐Day Immersive Pilot Program in a College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences. Diversity & Inclusion Research, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/dvr2.70021
Jiang, M., Yu, H., He, J., Qian, G., & Bialas, M. (2023). Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Instructional Models in Training In-Service Physical Education Teachers in Southwest China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139993
Kara, M., & Çetin, M. Ç. (2025). The Role of the Jigsaw Technique in the Basketball Development of Middle School Students: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor Domains Article History. INTJORASS, 9(2), 179–197. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1730714
Kwon, J., Roh, S. Y., & Kwon, D. (2024). Correlation Between Physical Activity and Learning Concentration, Self-Management, and Interpersonal Skills Among Korean Adolescents. Children, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111328
Liebendörfer, M., Kempen, L., & Schukajlow, S. (2023). First-year university students’ self-regulated learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative longitudinal study. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 55(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01444-5
Lim, L., Bannert, M., van der Graaf, J., Singh, S., Fan, Y., Surendrannair, S., Rakovic, M., Molenaar, I., Moore, J., & Gašević, D. (2023). Effects of real-time analytics-based personalized scaffolds on students’ self-regulated learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107547
Lubis, J., Haqiyah, A., Robianto, A., Ihsani, S. I., Wardoyo, H., Ginanjar, S., Irawan, A. A., Sumartiningsih, S., Setiawan, I., Lubis, R. A., Sanjaya, K. H., & Kusumandari, D. E. (2024). The effect of six-week plyometric, functional, and interval trainings on body composition, power, and kicking speed in male Pencak Silat University Athletes. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7, 46–53. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1371605
Maesaroh, L., Suma Wijaya, M., Hafid, J., Rosad, R., Shopi-ani, A., & Maulana Mahmud, A. (2025). Efforts to Improve Learning Concentration and Learning Outcomes Through Extracurricular Activities of Wushu Sanda Sports for Junior High School Students. In Journal of Physical Education (Vol. 14, Number 1). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/peshr
Magistro, D., Piumatti, G., Carlevaro, F., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., Bardaglio, G., Magno, F., Zecca, M., & Musella, G. (2020). Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 23(9), 860–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.014
Maiztegi-Kortabarria, J., Arribas-Galarraga, S., Luis-de Cos, I., Espoz-Lazo, S., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2024). Effect of an Active Break Intervention on Attention, Concentration, Academic Performance, and Self-Concept in Compulsory Secondary Education. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(3), 447–462. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14030030
Muljana, P. S., Dabas, C. S., & Luo, T. (2023). Examining the relationships among self-regulated learning, homework timeliness, and course achievement: a context of female students learning quantitative topics. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 55(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1936703
Murphy, L., Eduljee, N. B., & Croteau, K. (2021). Teacher-Centered versus Student-Centered Teaching. Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education, 4(1), 18–39. https://doi.org/10.36021/jethe.v4i1.156
Nurdiyan Haris, I., Rahmi Stephani, M., Maniarta Sari, T., Eka Mayasari, R., Hidayat Nasir, S., Rahman, I., Rijal, S., Nurtanzis Sutoyo, M., November, S., Haris, N., Stephani, R., Sari, M., Ma-yasari, E., & Nasir, H. (2025). Learning models, self-efficacy, and the influence on students’ learning outcomes of basic techniques in soccer Modelos de aprendizaje, autoeficacia e influencia de las técnicas básicas del fútbol en los resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Retos, 65(1), 686–697. https://doi.org/10.47197/re
O’Brien, W., Khodaverdi, Z., Bolger, L., Murphy, O., Philpott, C., & Kearney, P. E. (2023). Exploring Recommendations for Child and Adolescent Fundamental Movement Skills Development: A Narrative Review. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 20, Number 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043278
Park, E., Ifenthaler, D., & Clariana, R. B. (2023). Adaptive or adapted to: Sequence and reflexive thematic analysis to understand learners’ self-regulated learning in an adaptive learning analytics dashboard. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 98–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13287
Puente-Maxera, F., Méndez-Giménez, A., & de Ojeda, D. M. (2021). Physical activity levels during a Sport Education season of games from around the world. European Physical Education Review, 27(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20939591
Putranto, J. S., Heriyanto, J., Kenny, Achmad, S., & Kurniawan, A. (2023). Implementation of virtual reality technology for sports education and training: Systematic literature review. Procedia Computer Science, 216, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.139
Qin, L., Ho, W. K. Y., & Khoo, S. (2025). Factor structure and measurement invariance of exercise self-efficacy scale among secondary school students in China. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89287-4
Rico-González, M., Martín-Moya, R., Carlos-Vivas, J., Giles-Girela, F. J., Ardigò, L. P., & González-Fernández, F. T. (2025). Is Cardiopulmonary Fitness Related to Attention, Concentration, and Academic Performance in Different Subjects in Schoolchildren? Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030272
Rihatno, T., Nuraini, S., Samsudin., Ginanjar, S., Setiawan, A., Sutoyo (2026). Pembelajaran Model Gerak Dasar Manipulatif Dan Dampaknya Terhadap Konsentrasi Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta. Putra Surya Santosa
Sorgente, V., Cohen, E. J., Bravi, R., & Minciacchi, D. (2022). The Best of Two Different Visual Instructions in Improving Precision Ball-Throwing and Standing Long Jump Performances in Primary School Children. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010008
Sulz, L., Robinson, D. B., Morrison, H., Read, J., Johnson, A., Johnston, L., & Frail, K. (2024). A scoping review of K–12 health education in Canada: understanding school stakeholders’ perceptions. Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2024.2311113
Ummah, S. K., In’am, A., & Azmi, R. D. (2019). CREATING MANIPULATIVES: IMPROVING STUDENTS’ CREATIVITY THROUGH PROJECT-BASED LEARNING. Journal on Mathematics Education, 10(1), 93–102.
Zach, S., Shoval, E., & Shulruf, B. (2023). Cooperative learning in physical education lessons - literature review. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1273423
Zhou, Y., Fan, C., & Zhang, S. (2025). A longitudinal examination of loneliness in left-behind children: the interaction between self-esteem and academic self-efficacy matters. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02635-x
Zimmerman, B., & Kitsantas, A. (2007). Reliability and validity of self-efficacy for learning form (SELF) scores of college students. Journal of Psychology, 215(3), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.215.3.157
Published
2026-11-09
How to Cite
RIHATNO, Taufik et al.
Effect of A Basic Manipulative Movement Model Towards Concentration Students.
Physical Activity Journal (PAJU), [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 163-178, nov. 2026.
ISSN 2686-5807.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/paju/article/view/22242>. Date accessed: 09 nov. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.paju.2026.8.2.22242.
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Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
