Protecting Children from Harmful Digital Content: Legal Responsibilities in Makassar Family Karaoke
Abstract
This research analyzes the legal responsibility of family singing house business actors toward minor consumers in the context of digital content transformation in Makassar City. Family singing homes as a fast-growing entertainment industry face significant challenges regarding the protection of child consumers from digital content that contains pornographic elements. This research identifies the gap between legal provisions and practical implementation in the field through a juridical-empirical approach with a case study method. The results show that digital content transformation in family singing homes has changed the character, accessibility, and potential impact of content on child consumers. In business practices, it was found that there was an absence of a content filtering system, access restrictions based on age, and supervision of the activities of child consumers. The main obstacles in implementing the legal responsibilities of business actors include regulatory, technical, economic, and sociocultural aspects. This research proposes an alternative model of child consumer protection that integrates co-regulation, technological solutions, community governance, and diversified liability. The study's novelty lies in analyzing the multi-disciplinary intersection of law, the empirical exploration of digital content transformation, developing alternative models of child consumer protection, and contextualizing consumer protection law in local wisdom. The findings of this research have implications for reforming digital entertainment industry regulations, developing best practices, and consumer education and empowerment to ensure adequate protection for child consumers in the digital transformation era
References
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Fagan, Jeffrey, and Tom R Tyler. “Legal Socialization of Children and Adolescents.” Social Justice Research 18, no. 3 (2005): 217–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6823-3.
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Nawaila, Muhammad Bello, Sezer Kanbul, and Fezile Ozdamli. “A Review on the Rights of Children in the Digital Age.” Children and Youth Services Review 94 (2018): 390–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.028.
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Sony, Reeta, and Shruti Chopra. “Regulating Digital Era: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Perspectives on Media Entertainment.” Legal Issues in the Digital Age 5 (July 20, 2024): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2024.2.97.112.
Soong, Hannah, Sue Nichols, Karen Dooley, and Michelle M. Neumann. “Contesting the Framing of Digital Risk: An Analysis of Australian Children’s Experiences.” Journal of Children and Media, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2024.2402271.
Sulistio, Faizin. “Child Protection in Pornography Law in Indonesia.” Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities 6, no. 3 (n.d.): 1412–22. https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v6i1.33582.
Susilowati Suparto, and Muhammad Rifqi Rafi Drajat. “PENGUATAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KONSUMEN ANAK SEBAGAI PENGGUNA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DI ERA DIGITAL.” ACTA DIURNAL Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kenotariatan, no. 2 (June 2024). https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v7i2.1707.
Swider-Cios, Edyta, Anouk Vermeij, and Margriet M Sitskoorn. “Young Children and Screen-Based Media: The Impact on Cognitive and Socioemotional Development and the Importance of Parental Mediation.” Cognitive Development 66 (2023): 101319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101319.
Takeuchi, Lori, and Michael Levine. “Learning in a Digital Age: Toward a New Ecology of Human Development,” 20–43, 2014.
Tanya Byron. “Safer Children in a Digital World: The Report of the Byron Review.” London, 2020.
Tayim, Natalie, Pedro Barbosa, and Jalesh Panicker. “Hypersexuality in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.” BMJ Mental Health. BMJ Publishing Group, May 22, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2024-300998.
Trier, Matthias, Dennis Kundisch, Daniel Beverungen, Oliver Müller, Guido Schryen, Milad Mirbabaie, and Simon Trang. “Digital Responsibility: A Multilevel Framework for Responsible Digitalization.” Business and Information Systems Engineering 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 463–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00822-x.
Allagui, Ilhem, and Harris Breslow. “Social Media for Public Relations: Lessons from Four Effective Cases.” Public Relations Review 42, no. 1 (2016): 20–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.12.001.
Amanda Third, Delphine Bellerose, Urszula Dawkins, Emma Keltie, and Kari Pihl. Children’s Rights in the Digital Age. Melbourne: Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre, 2014.
Arafah, Mochamad, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani. “Legal Liability Of The Provider Of A Digital Platform Based On User Generated Content For Copyright Infringement,” 496–503, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-315-3_68.
Candrasari, Yuli, Puji Lestari, Dyva Claretta, and Sumardjijati Sumardjijati. “Digital Divide between Mother and Child in Parenting,” 2022.
Ceballos Ferroglio, Ferro, G. C. F., and Á. E Neder. “Regulatory Lag, Efficiency, and Performance. Lessons from a Case Study.” Competition and Regulation in Network Industries 25, no. 1 (January 2024).
Chaudron, Stephane, Rosanna Di Gioia, and Monica Gemo. “Young Children (0-8) and Digital Technology A Qualitative Study across Europe,” 2018. https://doi.org/10.2760/245671.
Cortesi, Sandra, Alexa Hasse, Andres Lombana-Bermudez, Sonia Kim, and Urs Gasser. “Youth and Digital Citizenship+ (Plus): Understanding Skills for a Digital World.” Cambridge, 2022. https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy.
Fagan, Jeffrey, and Tom R Tyler. “Legal Socialization of Children and Adolescents.” Social Justice Research 18, no. 3 (2005): 217–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-005-6823-3.
Fernando, Donny, and Novi Khristina Putri. “RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INFORMASI E-BOOKING RUANG KARAOKE BERBASIS WEB (STUDI KASUS : KARAOKE KELUARGA HAPPY PUPPY).” Infotech Journal, no. 2 (April 2018).
Finkelhor, David, Kerryann Walsh, Lisa Jones, Kimberly Mitchell, and Anne Collier. “Youth Internet Safety Education: Aligning Programs With the Evidence Base.” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. SAGE Publications Ltd, December 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020916257.
Fitzek, Sebastian, Kyung-Eun (Anna) Choi, and Corina Drăgan. “Understanding Digital Violence and Sexual Abuse in Adolescents and Minors: A Literature Review.” Postmodernism Problems 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.46324/pmp2401017.
Flew, Terry, Fiona Martin, and Nicolas Suzor. “Internet Regulation as Media Policy: Rethinking the Question of Digital Communication Platform Governance.” Journal of Digital Media and Policy 10, no. 1 (2019): 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1386/jdmp.10.1.33_1.
Hald, Gert Martin, Neil M. Malamuth, and Carlin Yuen. “Pornography and Attitudes Supporting Violence against Women: Revisiting the Relationship in Nonexperimental Studies.” Aggressive Behavior 36, no. 1 (January 2010): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20328.
Herning Sitabuana, Tundjung, Ade Adhari, Leony Sondang Suryani, Dixon Sanjaya, and Ibra Fulenzi Amri. “Measuring The Effectiveness of Private Electronic System Organizers Regulations In Developing Social Media Equilibrium 1.” Vol. 19, n.d.
Hong, Monica. “The Impact of Social Media in Child Sexual Abuse.” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. John Wiley and Sons Inc, October 1, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.16638.
Judijanto, Loso, Muhamad Taufik, Retno Sari Dewi, Syamsuddin Nur, and Deng Jiao. “The Influence of Consumer Protection Policies on the Business Practices of E-Commerce Companies: Case Studies in Online Markets.” Rechtsnormen Journal of Law 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2024): 199–208. https://doi.org/10.55849/rjl.v2i2.980.
Lisa M. Jones, Kimberly J. Mitchell, and Wendy A. Walsh. “A Content Analysis of Youth Internet Safety Programs: Are Effective Prevention Strategies Being Used?” Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire., December 2014. https://scholars.unh.edu/ccrc.
Livingstone, Sonia, Abhilash Nair, Mariya Stoilova, Simone van der Hof, and Cansu Caglar. “Children’s Rights and Online Age Assurance Systems: The Way Forward.” The International Journal of Children’s Rights 32, no. 3 (2024): 721–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-32030001.
Madigan, Sheri, Vanessa Villani, Corry Azzopardi, Danae Laut, Tanya Smith, Jeff R. Temple, Dillon Browne, and Gina Dimitropoulos. “The Prevalence of Unwanted Online Sexual Exposure and Solicitation Among Youth: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Adolescent Health. Elsevier USA, August 1, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.03.012.
Marciano, Laura, Serena Petrocchi, and Anne-Linda Camerini. “Parental Knowledge of Children’s Screen Time: The Role of Parent-Child Relationship and Communication.” Communication Research 49, no. 6 (September 4, 2020): 792–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650220952227.
Marsoof, Althaf, Andrés Luco, Harry Tan, and Shafiq Joty. “Content-Filtering AI Systems–Limitations, Challenges and Regulatory Approaches.” Information and Communications Technology Law 32, no. 1 (2023): 64–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600834.2022.2078395.
Massimiliano Masnada, Ambra Pacitti, and Cecilia Canova. “EU Introduces Comprehensive Digital-Era Product Liability Directive.” Hogan Lovells, November 2024.
Mori, Camille, Julianna Park, Nicole Racine, Heather Ganshorn, Cailey Hartwick, and Sheri Madigan. “Exposure to Sexual Content and Problematic Sexual Behaviors in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Child Abuse & Neglect 143 (2023): 106255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106255.
Nash, Victoria, Rachel O’connell, Bendert Zevenbergen, and Allison Mishkin. “Effective Age Verification Techniques: Lessons to Be Learnt from the Online Gambling Industry Final Report,” 2020.
Nawaila, Muhammad Bello, Sezer Kanbul, and Fezile Ozdamli. “A Review on the Rights of Children in the Digital Age.” Children and Youth Services Review 94 (2018): 390–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.028.
Qian, Haoyue, Chenggong Wang, and Hui Li. “Parental Risk Factors and Moderators of Prolonged Digital Use in Preschoolers: A Meta-Analysis.” Education and Information Technologies 29, no. 13 (2024): 17601–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12558-6.
Sabine Trepte, and Philipp Masur. The Routledge Handbook of Privacy and Social Media. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2023.
Sony, Reeta, and Shruti Chopra. “Regulating Digital Era: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Perspectives on Media Entertainment.” Legal Issues in the Digital Age 5 (July 20, 2024): 97–112. https://doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2024.2.97.112.
Soong, Hannah, Sue Nichols, Karen Dooley, and Michelle M. Neumann. “Contesting the Framing of Digital Risk: An Analysis of Australian Children’s Experiences.” Journal of Children and Media, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2024.2402271.
Sulistio, Faizin. “Child Protection in Pornography Law in Indonesia.” Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities 6, no. 3 (n.d.): 1412–22. https://doi.org/10.24815/jr.v6i1.33582.
Susilowati Suparto, and Muhammad Rifqi Rafi Drajat. “PENGUATAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KONSUMEN ANAK SEBAGAI PENGGUNA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DI ERA DIGITAL.” ACTA DIURNAL Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Kenotariatan, no. 2 (June 2024). https://doi.org/10.23920/acta.v7i2.1707.
Swider-Cios, Edyta, Anouk Vermeij, and Margriet M Sitskoorn. “Young Children and Screen-Based Media: The Impact on Cognitive and Socioemotional Development and the Importance of Parental Mediation.” Cognitive Development 66 (2023): 101319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101319.
Takeuchi, Lori, and Michael Levine. “Learning in a Digital Age: Toward a New Ecology of Human Development,” 20–43, 2014.
Tanya Byron. “Safer Children in a Digital World: The Report of the Byron Review.” London, 2020.
Tayim, Natalie, Pedro Barbosa, and Jalesh Panicker. “Hypersexuality in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.” BMJ Mental Health. BMJ Publishing Group, May 22, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2024-300998.
Trier, Matthias, Dennis Kundisch, Daniel Beverungen, Oliver Müller, Guido Schryen, Milad Mirbabaie, and Simon Trang. “Digital Responsibility: A Multilevel Framework for Responsible Digitalization.” Business and Information Systems Engineering 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 463–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-023-00822-x.
Published
2025-05-31
How to Cite
SALMI, Salmi et al.
Protecting Children from Harmful Digital Content: Legal Responsibilities in Makassar Family Karaoke.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 25, n. 2, p. 183-199, may 2025.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/15717>. Date accessed: 31 aug. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2025.25.2.15717.
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