Analysis of Injury Risk toward Swimming Athletes based on the Result of Functional Movement Screening
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the risk of injury in swimming athletes based on the results of Functional Movement Screening (FMS) by considering gender and age group factors. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a descriptive design. The sample in this study consisted of 73 swimming athletes in age groups (KU) 3 and KU 4, aged 10–13 years in Serang City. The sampling technique used was total sampling, so the entire population meeting the criteria was included in this study. The main instrument used is Functional Movement Screening (FMS), which measures the level of stability, mobility, and functional movement quality of athletes as indicators of injury risk. The results showed differences in FMS scores between male and female athletes, where female athletes tended to have lower scores than male athletes, indicating a higher risk of injury. In addition, analysis by age group showed that athletes in the 12–13 years old age group (KU 3) had better average FMS scores compared to athletes aged 10–11 years (KU 4), indicating that with increasing age, the level of movement control and stability increases. These findings underscore the importance of tailored training programs tailored to individual needs, taking into account gender and age, to reduce injury risk in young swimmers.
References
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Clifton, D. R., De La Motte, S. J., Gribbin, T. C., Beutler, A. I., & Deuster, P. A. (2019). Functional movement assessments are not associated with risk of injury during military basic training. Military Medicine, 184(11–12), e773–e780. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz118
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Kennedy, J., Otley, T., Hendren, S., Myers, H., & Tate, A. (2024). Sink or Swim? Clinical Objective Tests and Measures Associated with Shoulder Pain in Swimmers of Varied Age Levels of Competition: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 19(1), 1381–1397. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.90282
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Marques, V. B., Medeiros, T. M., de Souza Stigger, F., Nakamura, F. Y., & Baroni, B. M. (2017). the Functional Movement Screen (FmsTM) in Elite Young Soccer Players Between 14 and 20 Years: Composite Score, Individual-Test Scores and Asymmetries. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(6), 977–985. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20170977
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McKenzie, A., Larequi, S. A., Hams, A., Headrick, J., Whiteley, R., & Duhig, S. (2023). Shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 33(12), 2396–2412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14454
Monnet, T., Samson, M., Bernard, A., David, L., & Lacouture, P. (2014). Measurement of three-dimensional hand kinematics during swimming with a motion capture system: A feasibility study. Sports Engineering, 17(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-014-0152-4
Moran, R. W., Schneiders, A. G., Major, K. M., & John Sullivan, S. (2016). How reliable are Functional Movement Screening scores? A systematic review of rater reliability. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(9), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094913
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Rustiawan, H., Sugiawardana, R., & Nurzaman, M. (2019). Functional Movement Screen (Fms) Sebagai Tes Mobilitas, Keseimbangan, Dan Stabilitas Atlet Pasca Cedera. Jurnal Wahana Pendidikan, Vol. 6, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.25157/wa.v6i2.2966
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Shanley, E., Rauh, M. J., Michener, L. A., Ellenbecker, T. S., Garrison, J. C., & Thigpen, C. A. (2011). Shoulder range of motion measures as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school softball and baseball players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(9), 1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511408876
Silva, B., Clemente, F. M., Camões, M., & Bezerra, P. (2017). Functional movement screen scores and physical performance among youth elite soccer players. Sports, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5010016
Silva, B., Rodrigues, L. P., Clemente, F. M., Cancela, J. M., & Bezerra, P. (2019). Association between motor competence and functional movement screen scores. PeerJ, 2019(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7270
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D (19th ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta, Bandung.
Syafei, M., Budi, D. R., Listiandi, A. D., Festiawan, R., Kusnandar, K., Nurcahyo, P. J., … Qohhar, W. (2020). Functional Movement Screening: An Early Detection of The Student Injury Risk in Sport Class. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 5(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.25466
Teyhen, D. S., Shaffer, S. W., Lorenson, C. L., Halfpap, J. P., Donofry, D. F., Walker, M. J., … Childs, J. D. (2012). The functional movement screen: A reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42(6), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3838
Wanivenhaus, F., Fox, A. J. S., Chaudhury, S., & Rodeo, S. A. (2012). Epidemiology of Injuries and Prevention Strategies in Competitive Swimmers. Sports Health, 4(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112442132
Wolf, B. R., Ebinger, A. E., Lawler, M. P., & Britton, C. L. (2009). Injury patterns in Division I collegiate swimming. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(10), 2037–2042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509339364
Zarei, M., Soltanirad, S., Kazemi, A., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2022). Composite functional movement screen score predicts injuries in youth volleyball players: a prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24508-8
Zein, M. I., & Sudarko, R. A. (2020). Penilaian Muscle Imbalance dengan metode Functional Movement Screen pada atlet baseball sub-elite Indonesia. Jorpres (Jurnal Olahraga Prestasi), 15(2), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.21831/jorpres.v15i2.29516
Abraham, A., Sannasi, R., & Nair, R. (2015). Normative values for the functional movement screentm in adolescent school aged children. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 10(1), 29–36. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25709860%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4325285
Anderson, B. A. E. A., Eumann, M. A. L. N., & Liven, K. E. C. H. U. B. (2015). Functional Movement Screen Differences Between Male And Female Secondary School Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4), 1098–1106.
Barry, L., Lyons, M., McCreesh, K., Powell, C., & Comyns, T. (2021). The relationship between training load and pain, injury and illness in competitive swimming: A systematic review. Physical Therapy in Sport, 48, 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.002
Bonazza, N. A., Smuin, D., Onks, C. A., Silvis, M. L., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Reliability, Validity, and Injury Predictive Value of the Functional Movement Screen. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516641937
Budi, D. R., Agustan, B., Listiandi, A. D., Hidayat, R., Festiawan, R., Hanief, Y. N., … Nur, L. (2020). Tennis injury: Analysis and preventions actions among national junior tennis athlete. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.37200/IJPR/V24I8/PR280805
Clifton, D. R., De La Motte, S. J., Gribbin, T. C., Beutler, A. I., & Deuster, P. A. (2019). Functional movement assessments are not associated with risk of injury during military basic training. Military Medicine, 184(11–12), e773–e780. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz118
Cook, Gray, E. (2010). Movement Functional Movement Systems: Screening, Assessment and Corrective Strategies. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 2nd).
Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Voight, M. (2014). Functional movement screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 9(3), 396–409. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24944860%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4060319
Dowling, R. K. (2013). Annals of Leisure Research Handbook of research methods in tourism : quantitative and qualitative approaches. Annals of Leisure Research, 16(March 2015), 368–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2013.810547
Du, T., & Yanai, T. (2022). Critical scapula motions for preventing subacromial impingement in fully-tethered front-crawl swimming. Sports Biomechanics, 21(2), 121–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1640277
Feijen, S., Struyf, T., Kuppens, K., Tate, A., & Struyf, F. (2021). Prediction of Shoulder Pain in Youth Competitive Swimmers: The Development and Internal Validation of a Prognostic Prediction Model. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(1), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520969913
Fernández-Galván, L. M., Alcain Sein, J., López-Nuevo, C., Sánchez-Sierra, A., Ladrián-Maestro, A., & Sánchez-Infante, J. (2025). Injury Patterns and Frequency in Swimming: A Systematic Review. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 15(3), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031643
functionalmovement.com. (2018). FMS - An Introduction To the Functional. Functionalmovement.Com, 8. Retrieved from https://www.functionalmovement.com/files/Articles/572a_FMS_Article_NoBleed_Digital.pdf
Granacher, U., Lesinski, M., Büsch, D., Muehlbauer, T., Prieske, O., Puta, C., … Behm, D. G. (2016). Effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and athletic performance: A conceptual model for long-term athlete development. Frontiers in Physiology, 7(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00164
Hibberd, E. E., & Myers, J. B. (2013). Practice habits and attitudes and behaviors concerning shoulder pain in high school competitive club swimmers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(6), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31829aa8ff
Hidalgo-Lozano, A., Calderón-Soto, C., Domingo-Camara, A., Fernández-De-Las-Penas, C., Madeleine, P., & Arroyo-Morales, M. (2012). Elite swimmers with unilateral shoulder pain demonstrate altered pattern of cervical muscle activation during a functional upper-limb task. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42(6), 552–558. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3875
Kennedy, J., Otley, T., Hendren, S., Myers, H., & Tate, A. (2024). Sink or Swim? Clinical Objective Tests and Measures Associated with Shoulder Pain in Swimmers of Varied Age Levels of Competition: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 19(1), 1381–1397. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.90282
Khaleel, M., & Subramanian, S. (2023). The Relationship between Functional Movement Screen Scores and Athlete Performance in Recreational Football Players. Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health, 23(March), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.18311/jeoh/2023/32073
Kiesel, K., Plisky, P. J., & Voight, M. L. (2014). The association between functional movement and overweight and obesity in British primary school children. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 5(1), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-1847-5-11
Koutiva, I., Gerakopoulou, P., & Makropoulos, C. (2016). Exploration of domestic water demand attitudes using qualitative and quantitative social research methods. Urban Water Journal, 9006(February), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2015.1135968
Marques, V. B., Medeiros, T. M., de Souza Stigger, F., Nakamura, F. Y., & Baroni, B. M. (2017). the Functional Movement Screen (FmsTM) in Elite Young Soccer Players Between 14 and 20 Years: Composite Score, Individual-Test Scores and Asymmetries. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(6), 977–985. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20170977
McCall, A., Davison, M., Andersen, T. E., Beasley, I., Bizzini, M., Dupont, G., … Dvorak, J. (2015). Injury prevention strategies at the FIFA 2014 World Cup: Perceptions and practices of the physicians from the 32 participating national teams. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(9), 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094747
McKenzie, A., Larequi, S. A., Hams, A., Headrick, J., Whiteley, R., & Duhig, S. (2023). Shoulder pain and injury risk factors in competitive swimmers: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 33(12), 2396–2412. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14454
Monnet, T., Samson, M., Bernard, A., David, L., & Lacouture, P. (2014). Measurement of three-dimensional hand kinematics during swimming with a motion capture system: A feasibility study. Sports Engineering, 17(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12283-014-0152-4
Moran, R. W., Schneiders, A. G., Major, K. M., & John Sullivan, S. (2016). How reliable are Functional Movement Screening scores? A systematic review of rater reliability. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(9), 527–536. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094913
Philp, F., Blana, D., Chadwick, E. K., Stewart, C., Stapleton, C., Major, K., & Pandyan, A. D. (2018). Study of the measurement and predictive validity of the Functional Movement Screen. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 4(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000357
Qohhar, W., Pazriansyah, D., & Ariani, E. D. (2024). The Role of Parents in Supporting Children’s Swimming Achievements. Physical Activity Journal, 5(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.paju.2024.5.2.11678
Rustiawan, H., Sugiawardana, R., & Nurzaman, M. (2019). Functional Movement Screen (Fms) Sebagai Tes Mobilitas, Keseimbangan, Dan Stabilitas Atlet Pasca Cedera. Jurnal Wahana Pendidikan, Vol. 6, p. 1. https://doi.org/10.25157/wa.v6i2.2966
Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., Moldes, J. M., Diz, J. C., Martínez-Lemos, R. I., & Ayán, C. (2022). Feasibility and reliability of the Functional Movement Screen battery in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 66(6), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12916
Shanley, E., Rauh, M. J., Michener, L. A., Ellenbecker, T. S., Garrison, J. C., & Thigpen, C. A. (2011). Shoulder range of motion measures as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in high school softball and baseball players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(9), 1997–2006. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511408876
Silva, B., Clemente, F. M., Camões, M., & Bezerra, P. (2017). Functional movement screen scores and physical performance among youth elite soccer players. Sports, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5010016
Silva, B., Rodrigues, L. P., Clemente, F. M., Cancela, J. M., & Bezerra, P. (2019). Association between motor competence and functional movement screen scores. PeerJ, 2019(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7270
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D (19th ed.). Bandung: Alfabeta, Bandung.
Syafei, M., Budi, D. R., Listiandi, A. D., Festiawan, R., Kusnandar, K., Nurcahyo, P. J., … Qohhar, W. (2020). Functional Movement Screening: An Early Detection of The Student Injury Risk in Sport Class. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 5(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.25466
Teyhen, D. S., Shaffer, S. W., Lorenson, C. L., Halfpap, J. P., Donofry, D. F., Walker, M. J., … Childs, J. D. (2012). The functional movement screen: A reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42(6), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3838
Wanivenhaus, F., Fox, A. J. S., Chaudhury, S., & Rodeo, S. A. (2012). Epidemiology of Injuries and Prevention Strategies in Competitive Swimmers. Sports Health, 4(3), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738112442132
Wolf, B. R., Ebinger, A. E., Lawler, M. P., & Britton, C. L. (2009). Injury patterns in Division I collegiate swimming. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(10), 2037–2042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509339364
Zarei, M., Soltanirad, S., Kazemi, A., Hoogenboom, B. J., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2022). Composite functional movement screen score predicts injuries in youth volleyball players: a prospective cohort study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24508-8
Zein, M. I., & Sudarko, R. A. (2020). Penilaian Muscle Imbalance dengan metode Functional Movement Screen pada atlet baseball sub-elite Indonesia. Jorpres (Jurnal Olahraga Prestasi), 15(2), 83–87. https://doi.org/10.21831/jorpres.v15i2.29516
Published
2025-04-30
How to Cite
QOHHAR, Wildan et al.
Analysis of Injury Risk toward Swimming Athletes based on the Result of Functional Movement Screening.
Physical Activity Journal (PAJU), [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 43-54, apr. 2025.
ISSN 2686-5807.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/paju/article/view/15721>. Date accessed: 30 aug. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.paju.2025.7.1.15721.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
