Gross Motor Skills of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Aged 6-10 Years And Typically Developing Children on TGMD-2
Abstract
Gross motor skill (GMS) development is crucial for children with autism to increase independence in daily activities, physical fitness, and self-confidence. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the physical features based on GMS of autism spectrum disorder students aged 6-10. The method utilized in this study was a survey with a quantitative descriptive approach. The sampling technique is determined using purposive sampling based on specific considerations in the population. In this study, the total participants are 57 students, consisting of 14 students from SLB Autis Laboratorium UM and 43 from SDN 2 Sumbersari as supporting data. The test instrument operated in this study is the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), which assesses the gross motor skills of children aged 3-10 years in locomotor aspects and control objects. The research results on the physical features analysis of gross motor skills aged 6-10 years of autistic students at the SLB Autis Laboratorium UM obtained an inferior category. It impacts student development in daily activities, and consequently, teachers need to rearrange the design of learning programs for autistic students to improve gross motor skills. The teachers should evaluate the effectiveness of programs and interventions that have been implemented
References
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Veldman, S. L. C., Jones, R. A., Chandler, P., Robinson, L. E., & Okely, A. D. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of gross motor delay in pre-schoolers. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(4), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14684
Yusdianto, Y., & Teguh Hari Wiguno, L. (2024). Survei Status Gross Motor Skill pada Siswa Kelas Rendah Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Kecamatan Tajinan Kabupaten Malang. Journal Sport Science Indonesia, 3(1), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.31258/jassi.3.1.329-341
Zikl, P., Holoubková, N., Karásková, H., & Veselíková, T. B. (2013). Gross Motor Skills of Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7(10)
Apriyani, I., Suntoda, A., & Didin, B. (2018). Uji Validitas Dan Reliability Test Of Gross Motor Development-2 ( TGMD-2 ). Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School, 2(229), 40–45.
Ardi, M., & Purwanto, S. (2020). Model Aktivitas Kebugaran Jasmani dan Kedisiplinan Berbasis Permainan. Yogyakarta: UNY press.
Aulia, F., & Kartiko, D. C. (2017). Peningkatan Motorik Kasar Pada Anak Autistik Hipoaktif Melalui Senam Irama Di SLB Arya Satya Hati Pasuruan. Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga dan Kesehatan, 05(02), 171–175.
Battah, H. W., Lotan, M., & Moran, D. S. (2023). The Need for a Motor Assessment Tool for Children with Autism—An Opinion Article. Diagnostics, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122095
Bedford, R., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2016). Early Gross Motor Skills Predict the Subsequent Language Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 9(9), 993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1587
Djuanda, I., & Adipura, P. (2020). Peningkatan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Anak Usia Dini Melalui Bermain Lempar Tangkap Bola. Jurnal Kordinat, 19(2), 265–274.
Grant, R., & Nozyce, M. (2013). Proposed changes to the American Psychiatric Association diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder: Implications for young children and their families. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(4), 586–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1250-9
Handayani, S. M., Sudarsini, & Wahyuno, E. (2018). The Effect of Functional Play towards Gross Motor Skill for Children with Autism. Journal of ICSAR, 2(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.17977/um005v2i12018p037
Irvan, M. (2020). Urgensi Identifikasi dan Asesmen Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus Usia Dini. Jurnal ORTOPEDAGOGIA, 6(2), 108–112. https://doi.org/10.17977/um031v6i22020p108-112
Kruger, G. R., Silveira, J. R., & Marques, A. C. (2019). Motor Skills of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Rev Bras Cineantropom Hum, 21(7), 2–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2019v21e60515
Kurniawan, R. (2018). Analisis Gerak Dasar Anak Usia 6-7 Tahun. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(2), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.122.12
Kurniawan, R., Heynoek, F. P., & Wijaya, D. P. R. M. (2022a). Development of Teacher Modules on Learning Locomotor Movement Materials. Jurnal Menssana, 5(2), 146–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24036/MensSana.07022022.16
Kurniawan, R., Heynoek, F., & Wijaya, M. A. I. (2022b). Pengembangan Modul Guru pada Pembelajaran Materi Gerak Dasar Lokomotor Kelas II SDLB Autis. Jurnal Patriot, 4(3), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v%vi%i.856
Kurniawan, R., Mu’arifin, Kurniawan, A. W., Heynoek, F. P., & Sigit, C. N. (2022). Development of Teacher E-Module for Dynamic Balance Movement for Grade 3 Elementary School with Autism. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Sport Science and Health (ICSSH 2021), 45(Icssh, 2021), 98–103. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.220203.015
Kurniawan, R., Noviardah, D. P., Heynoek, F. P., & Sigit, C. N. (2022). Development of Teacher Modules for Learning Manipulative Movement for Autistic Students. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sports Science and Health (ICSSH 2022). Atlantis Press International BV. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-072-5
Kurniawan, R., Paulina Heynoek, F., Nawfal Asyrof, M., & Nugroho Sigit, C. (2022). Development of Teacher Module for Learning Static Dominant Movement for Students with Autism. KnE Social Sciences, 2022(2), 648–662. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i19.12484
Kurniawan, R., Pradana, I. A., & Heynoek, F. P. (2022). Pengembangan modul guru materi variasi dan kombinasi gerak lokomotor non-lokomotor manipulatif untuk siswa autis. Multilateral : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 21(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.20527/multilateral.v21i2.13161
Liu, T., Hamilton, M., Davis, L., & Elgarhy, S. (2014). Gross Motor Performance by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children on TGMD-2. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 2(1), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000123
Mahfud, I., & Yuliandra, R. (2020). Pengembangan Model Gerak Dasar Keterampilan Motorik Untuk Kelompok Usia 6-8 Tahun. SPORT-Mu: Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga, 1(1), 54–66. Diambil dari http://jurnal.unmuhjember.ac.id/index.php/sportmu/article/view/3055
Manalu, T. M., & Suparmi, S. (2023). Meningkatkan Memori Jangka Pendek pada Anak Autis dengan Senam Otak. GUIDENA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Psikologi, Bimbingan dan Konseling, 13(3), 650. https://doi.org/10.24127/gdn.v13i3.7688
Nababan, M. K., Daulay, S., & Hadi, W. (2019). Speech Act of " Touch " Therapy in the Intervention Service Foundation For Autism and Developmental Delay ( YISADDI ) in the Method of Traffic Light Games. Budapest International Research And Critics In Linguistics And Education (Birle) Journal, 2(4), 68–78. https://doi.org/Https://Doi.Org/10.33258/Birle.V2i4.493
Nofianti, R. (2020). Upaya Meningkatkan Keterampilan Motorik Halus Melalui Kegiatan Menggunting Dengan Menggunakan Pola Pada Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Hang Tuah Surabaya, 13(1), 115–130.
Pradaya, B., Admojo, I. R. W., & Dewi, N. K. (2020). Peningkatan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Melalui Permainan Modifikasi Bola Basket Pada Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun. Kumara Cendekia, 8(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.20961/kc.v8i1.32572
Purnamasari, N., Ahsaniyah, A. B., Widyastuti, W., & Trisna, K. (2023). Hubungan Dukungan Orang Tua dengan Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Anak Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi, 7(2), 212–219. https://doi.org/10.33660/jfrwhs.v7i2.249
Ramadhani, H. S., Lestiawati, E., & Wahyuningsih, M. (2016). Pengaruh Terapi Bermain Puzzle Terhadap Konsentrasi Belajar Anak Kelas I Di SD Negeri Pokoh 1 Ngemplak, Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta. Jurnal Medika Respati, 11, 37–43.
Rasam, F., Sari, A. I. C., & Karlina, E. (2019). Peran Kompetensi Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Di Sma Jakarta Selatan. Research and Development Journal of Education, 6(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v6i1.4371
Republik Indonesia. (2016). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2016 Tentang Penyandang Disabilitas. Jakarta.
Saripudin, A. (2019). Analisis Tumbuh Kembang Anak Ditinjau Dari Aspek Perkembangan Motorik Kasar Anak Usia Dini. Equalita: Jurnal Pusat Studi Gender dan Anak, 1(1), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.24235/equalita.v1i1.5161
Sasminto, H. S., & Teguh Hari Wiguno, L. (2024). Survei Status Gross Motor Skill pada Siswa Kelas Rendah Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Kecamatan Tajinan Kabupaten Malang. Journal Sport Science Indonesia, 3(1), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.31258/jassi.3.1.329-341
Setiawan, A., Yudiana, Y., Ugelta, S., Oktriani, S., Budi, D. R., & Listiandi, A. D. (2020). Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Pengaruh Keterampilan Motorik (Tinggi) Dan Model Pembelajaran (Kooperatif). Journal of Teaching Physical Education in Elementary School, 3(2), 59–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17509/tegar.v3i2.24513
Sheppard, D. P., Bruineberg, J. P., Kretschmer-Trendowicz, A., & Altgassen, M. (2018). Prospective memory in autism: theory and literature review. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(5), 748–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1435823
Siswantoyo, & Oktavia, R. (2018). Terapi Aktivasi & Relaksasi Olahraga Untuk Autisme. Yogyakarta: ANDI.
Ulrich, D. A. (2000). Test Of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) (2 ed.). Texas: Shoal Creek Boulevard.
Veldman, S. L. C., Jones, R. A., Chandler, P., Robinson, L. E., & Okely, A. D. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of gross motor delay in pre-schoolers. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 56(4), 571–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14684
Yusdianto, Y., & Teguh Hari Wiguno, L. (2024). Survei Status Gross Motor Skill pada Siswa Kelas Rendah Sekolah Dasar Negeri Se-Kecamatan Tajinan Kabupaten Malang. Journal Sport Science Indonesia, 3(1), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.31258/jassi.3.1.329-341
Zikl, P., Holoubková, N., Karásková, H., & Veselíková, T. B. (2013). Gross Motor Skills of Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7(10)
Published
2024-10-31
How to Cite
PRATAMA, Ezra; KURNIAWAN, Rama; GAMAGITTA, Laras Putri.
Gross Motor Skills of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder Aged 6-10 Years And Typically Developing Children on TGMD-2.
Physical Activity Journal (PAJU), [S.l.], v. 6, n. 1, p. 11-24, oct. 2024.
ISSN 2686-5807.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/paju/article/view/12874>. Date accessed: 23 feb. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.paju.2024.6.1.12874.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
