Impoliteness Strategies in Facebook Comments on Religious-driven Sermons against the LGBTQ+ Community: A Pragmatic Analysis
Abstract
This research aims to identify common impoliteness strategies employed by Facebook users in their comments on religious-driven sermons against the LGBTQ+ community. The researchers gathered 50 impolite comments and analyzed based on the Impoliteness theory by Jonathan Culpeper (1996). The data were gathered from Facebook comments and underwent descriptive qualitative analysis wherein each comment is given a description and analyzed as to how they are being used and interpreted. In terms of impoliteness triggers, it involved the following: insults, pointed criticism, unpalatable questions, dismissals, silencers, threats, context-driven impoliteness, and convention-driven impoliteness. Meanwhile, in terms of the impoliteness strategies used, it involved the following: bald-on record impoliteness, negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock impoliteness while withhold impoliteness. The analysis revealed that impoliteness strategies or utterances in the religious context are the terms that are used to destroy the image, criticize, and express strong disagreement with the addressee. The findings suggest that Facebook users have to be aware of their words to foster respect in online contexts.
References
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Altahmazi, T. H. (2024). Humorous but hateful: Linguistic impoliteness and visual dysphemism in anti-Muslim memes. Internet Pragmatics. https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00106.alt
Ambarita, R. (2024, December). Characteristics of Impoliteness Formulas in Political Comments on Social Media: A Qualitative Study. In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (ICON-ELT 2024) (p. 50). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-333-7_5
Andersson, M. (2024). Multimodal expression of impoliteness in YouTube reaction videos to transgender activism. Discourse, Context & Media, 58, 100760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2024.100760
Bakshi, P. (2024). Language, religion, and workplace discrimination: intersectional microaggressions in India. Asian Ethnicity, 25(2), 185-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2023.2255542
Banat, S., Al-Natour, M. M., Almahasees, Z., & Al-Omari, N. M. A. (2024). A pragmatic analysis of negative politeness strategies employed by Jordanian professors. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 7212-7222. Retrieved from https://pjlss.edu.pk/pdf_files/2024_2/7212-7222.pdf
Banguis, J., Divino, P. F., Jay O. Syting, C., & Maintang, K. C. . (2023). Students’ E-complaints on the Promises and Pitfalls of Blended Learning: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 3(2), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v3i2.225
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Dacalanio, M. A. A., Cani, S. M., Osiba, G. T., & Syting, C. J. O. (2024). Impoliteness Triggers and Strategies in Students’ Complaints: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v4i1.308
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Ghani, N. A. A. A. (2018). Online animosity: Impoliteness strategies and triggers of hostility in a social networking site in Brunei. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18, 71-84. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nurul-Akmal-A-Abdul-Ghani/publication/331371455_Online_Animosity_Impoliteness_Strategies_
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INSYIRAH, L. (2021). DEFINING PRAGMATICS Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66106966/DEFINING_PRAGMATIC
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Bakshi, P. (2024). Language, religion, and workplace discrimination: intersectional microaggressions in India. Asian Ethnicity, 25(2), 185-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2023.2255542
Banat, S., Al-Natour, M. M., Almahasees, Z., & Al-Omari, N. M. A. (2024). A pragmatic analysis of negative politeness strategies employed by Jordanian professors. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 7212-7222. Retrieved from https://pjlss.edu.pk/pdf_files/2024_2/7212-7222.pdf
Banguis, J., Divino, P. F., Jay O. Syting, C., & Maintang, K. C. . (2023). Students’ E-complaints on the Promises and Pitfalls of Blended Learning: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 3(2), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v3i2.225
Berger, M. N., Taba, M., Marino, J. L., Lim, M. S., Cooper, S. C., Lewis, L., ... & Skinner, S. R. (2021). Corrigendum to: social media’s role in support networks among LGBTQ adolescents: a qualitative study. Sexual health, 18(5), 444-444. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH21110_CO
Berkman, C., Stein, G. L., Javier, N. M., O’Mahony, S., Maingi, S., & Godfrey, D. (2024). Disrespectful and inadequate palliative care to transgender persons. Palliative & Supportive Care, 22(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951523001104
Betti, Mohammed Jasim. (2021a). Theoretical and Applied Linguistics.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347943117_Theoretical_and_Applied_Linguistics
Block, K. (2021). LGBTQ+ experiences in Conservative Christian communities (Doctoral dissertation). https://doi.org/10.1177/00084298221128883
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256089360_Successful_Qualitative_Research_A_Practical_Guide_for_Beginners
Carvalho, P., Caled, D., Silva, C., Batista, F., & Ribeiro, R. (2024). The expression of hate speech against Afro-descendant, Roma, and LGBTQ+ communities in YouTube comments. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 12(2), 171-206. https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00085.car.
Chimuanya, L., & Igwebuike, E. E. (2021). Legitimating falsehood in social media: A discourse analysis of political fake news. Discourse and Communication, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481320961659
Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of pragmatics, 25(3), 349-367. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/JonathanCulpeper/publication/2224979
Culpeper, J. (2005). Impoliteness and entertainment in the television quiz show: The Weakest Link. Retrieved from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.35/html
Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using language to cause offence (Vol. 28). Cambridge University Press. Retreived from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31340781/SILEBR_2012_003-libre.pdf?1392310849=&response-content-disposition
Culpeper, J. (2016). Impoliteness strategies. Interdisciplinary studies in pragmatics, culture and society, 421-445. Retreived from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-12616-6_16
Dacalanio, M. A. A., Cani, S. M., Osiba, G. T., & Syting, C. J. O. (2024). Impoliteness Triggers and Strategies in Students’ Complaints: A Socio-Pragmatic Analysis. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v4i1.308
Dardano, P. (2022). How to be impolite in ancient Greek: silencers and dismissals in Greek comedy. Veleia, (39), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.1387/veleia.22300
DeVito, M. A., Walker, A. M., & Fernandez, J. R. (2021). Values (mis) alignment: Exploring tensions between platform and LGBTQ+ community design values. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW1), 1-27. Retrieved from https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449162
Dynel, M. (2021). Desperately seeking intentions: Genuine and jocular insults on social media. Journal of Pragmatics, 179, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2021.04.017
Eskridge, W. N., Jr, & Wilson, R. F. (Eds.). (2018). Religious freedom, LGBT rights, and the prospects for common ground. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316999752
Fadilah, I., & Wijayanto, A. (2024). Sarcasm in Social Media: A Study of Comments on Sam Smith's Instagram Posts. Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, dan Sastra, 10(1), 92-104. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v10i1.3077
Fernandez, J. R. (2021, October). “Being Yourself” Online: Supporting Authenticity for LGBTQ+ Social Media Users. In Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (pp. 249-252). https://doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481786
Ghani, N. A. A. A. (2018). Online animosity: Impoliteness strategies and triggers of hostility in a social networking site in Brunei. Southeast Asia: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 18, 71-84. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nurul-Akmal-A-Abdul-Ghani/publication/331371455_Online_Animosity_Impoliteness_Strategies_
Hassan, B. E. A. (2019). Impolite viewer responses in Arabic political TV talk shows on YouTube. Pragmatics, 29(4), 521-544. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.18025.has
Hudhayri, K. (2021). Linguistic harassment against arab lgbts on cyberspace. International Journal of English Linguistics, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v11n4p58
INSYIRAH, L. (2021). DEFINING PRAGMATICS Retrieved from https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66106966/DEFINING_PRAGMATIC
Ismail, I. N., & Shanmuganathan, T. (2019). Face threats in threads: Assessing the responses to Impoliteness in Facebook comments on 1MDB. 3L, Language, Linguistics, Literature, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.17576/gema-2020-2001-08
Jakob, J. C. (2024). An Analyzing Impoliteness Strategies Used in Facebook. Available at SSRN 4728587. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4728587
Jantunen, J. H., & Kytölä, S. (2022). Online discourses of ‘homosexuality’and religion: The discussion relating to Islam in Finland. Journal of Language and Sexuality, 11(1), 31-56. https://doi.org/10.1075/jls.20011.jan
Kariithi, F. (2020). Aspects of Impoliteness during 2007 and 2013 Presidential Campaigns in Kenya. Retrieved from https://www.ajssmt.com/Papers/230924.pdf
Khoir, A. B. (2020). LGBT, Muslim, and heterosexism: The experiences of muslim gay in Indonesia. Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya, 5(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.15575/jw.v5i1.8067
Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092
Kumpasoğlu, G. B., Hasdemir, D., & Canel-Çınarbaş, D. (2022). Between two worlds: Turkish religious LGBTs relationships with islam and coping strategies. Psychology & Sexuality, 13(2), 302-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2020.1772354
Libiran, T. J. D., Cepeda, R. L. C., Ramos, C. K. M., Alano, J. C. O., & Guballa, M. J. S. (2024). Understanding the Challenges Faced by Filipino LGBTQ+ Individuals with Strong Religious Ties. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 8(1), 2520-2547. https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.801186
Lincoln, Y. (1980). Guba. E.(1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage. LincolnNaturalistic Inquiry1985.
McCarthy, J., & das Nair, R. (2018). Levels and layers of invisibility: Exploring the intersections of ethnicity, culture and religion in the lives of older LGBT people. In Older lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans people (pp. 75-92). Routledge. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315628462-
McCormick, M., & Krieger, M. (2020). Religion and bullying: Perspectives from sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) in Michigan. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 32(2), 191-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2020.1728460
McCutcheon, R. T. (2023). Critics not caretakers: Redescribing the public study of religion. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003383307
Mejia, G. E. A., & Ngo, C. G. A. (2024). Profanity in Social Media: An Analysis of Pragmatic Functions and Politeness Maxims Violation. Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature, 4(1), 92-117. https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v4i1.315
O’Toole, O. (2024). (Im) politeness as a strategy in the discursive construction of in-group solidarity in discussions about love, sex and relationships on Incels. is. Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium, 9(1), 29-55. https://doi.org/10.7592/Tertium.2024.9.1.282
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Published
2025-12-31
How to Cite
TOMAS, Trisana Jyn Q et al.
Impoliteness Strategies in Facebook Comments on Religious-driven Sermons against the LGBTQ+ Community: A Pragmatic Analysis.
J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 140-161, dec. 2025.
ISSN 2723-357X.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jes/article/view/17053>. Date accessed: 29 jan. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jes.2025.6.2.17053.
Section
Articles
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