Redesigning State Liability in Healthcare Provision: A Comparative Legal Framework of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Netherlands
Abstract
While the right to healthcare is recognized as an internationally binding obligation, existing legal frameworks often fail to translate state duties into enforceable legal liability when healthcare facility delivery collapses. To address this critical enforcement gap, this study proposes a novel legal framework to redesign state liability in healthcare provision, establishing how state responsibility should be structurally reconfigured in Indonesia through a comparative synthesis with Malaysia and the Netherlands. Utilizing a normative juridical method with conceptual and comparative approaches, this research analyzes how distinct legal traditions shape state legal accountability. The findings reveal that Indonesia relies on an explicit constitutional entitlement with a direct administrative-fault model, which currently suffers from enforcement bottlenecks and budgetary retrogressions. Conversely, Malaysia operates under an implicit statutory right managed through an operational vicarious liability model, limiting state claims strictly to civil torts within public facilities. Meanwhile, the Netherlands adopts an instructional social-right approach implemented through a supervisory-systemic regulatory model, where the state acts strictly as a system guardian within a managed competition framework. By synthesizing these divergent systems, this study reconstructs a balanced state liability model for Indonesia that integrates direct constitutional mandates, operational vicarious compensation, and independent supervisory enforcement. Ultimately, this redesigned framework offers a transformative legal blueprint to strengthen judicial enforceability and guarantee equitable access to healthcare facilities.
References
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Mohamad, Mohamad Iqhbal Bin Kunji, Aimi Nadia Mohd Yusof, Hazdalila Yais Haji Razali, Julina Azimah Md Noor, and Muhammad Aidil Idham Bin Sharom. “Third-Party Consent To Medical Treatment in Malaysia: A Critical Analysis from Ethical and Malaysian Legal Perspectives.” Health Care Analysis 2, no. 1 (July 2025): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-025-00531-4.
Naaim, Mohammed, J Abdul Jamal, C. U. S Jaiman, and F Abdullah. “Analysing the Conditions for Establishing Vicarious Liability in Malaysia.” Borneo Akademika 7, no. 2 (2023): 13–24.
Nasutiona, K. “Illegal Act Composition in Indonesia: A Study from Legal Responsibility Perspective.” Int. J. Innov. Creat. Chang 15, no. 2 (2021): 998–1013.
Nurnaeni, and Syamsul Bachri. “Kesehatan Masyarakat Dan Tanggung Jawab Hukum Negara Nurnaeni” 18, no. 2 (2025): 265–80.
Nuryanto, A.D., and T.M.A.P Ogli. “Achieving National Health Insurance in Indonesia: Policies and Challenges.” Contrarius 1, no. 2 (2025): 67–87.
Rita, Mei, Makdalena Situmorang, Jessica Aprileony, Erinaldi Sekolah, Tinggi Ilmu, Administrasi Lancang, and Kuning Dumai. “Implementasi Kebijakan Program Jaminan Kesehatan (JKN) Dalam Meningkatkan Akses Pelayanan Kesehatan.” Jurnal Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa 07, no. 01 (2025): 1–18.
San, Gho Nyong, Yee Siew Mei, Ruth Sim, and Jia Jia Lee. “Healthcare Professionals’ Readiness for National Health Insurance in Malaysia: Policy Implications for Universal Health Coverage.” International Journal of Healthcare Management 2, no. 1 (December 2025): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2025.2599813.
Shah, Dian A H. “Law and Religion in Indonesia: Conflict and the Courts in West Java.” International Journal of Constitutional Law 16, no. 2 (June 2018): 706–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moy051.
Shuftan, Nathan, Jane O’Flynn, Judith Meijer, Robert Borst, Soraya Verstraeten, Dorette Courtar, Giovanni Frans, Amy van der Linden, Indira Madhuban, and Michael Mercuur. “Health Access Reforms in the Caribbean Netherlands from 2010-2023.” Health Policy 165, no. 3 (2026): 10–21.
Sintyasari, Desi, and Irsyam Risdawati. “Urgensi Reformasi Hukum Kesehatan Di Era Digital: Antara Etika, Privasi Data, Dan Perlindungan Hak Pasien.” Indonesia of Journal Business Law 4, no. 2 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.47709/ijbl.v4i2.5878.
Sisma, Muhammad Farizka, and Zakki Adlhiyati. “Legal Liability On Administrative Tort: Administrative Law Perspective.” JCH (Jurnal Cendekia Hukum) 8, no. 2 (March 2023): 242–53. https://doi.org/10.33760/jch.v8i2.592.
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Tisnanta, Hs., James Reinaldo, and Fathoni Fathoni. “The Dilemma of Indonesia Welfare State Challenge of Realizing Social Welfare in the Global Era.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 3 (February 2018): 231. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.936.
Tungga, Benyamin Dicson. “Peranan Dan Tanggung Jawab Pemerintah Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Pasca Disahkannya Omnibus Law Tentang Kesehatan.” Nusantara Hasana Journal 3, no. 2 (July 2023): 287–300. https://doi.org/10.59003/nhj.v3i2.940.
Wammes, J, P Jeurissen, G Westert, and M Tanke. “The Dutch Health Care System.” International Profiles of Health Care Systems 137, no. 6 (2020): 137–47.
Widianta, R. I. G, and I. S Akbarsyah. “Can the State Administrative Court Shield Citizens from Government ’Tort’? A Path to Justice in Dispute Resolution.” Indonesian State Law Review 7, no. 2 (2024): 125–36. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v7i2.18876.
Willemsen, Anne, Maureen Rutten-van Mölken, Riam al Dulaimi, Hedi Schelleman, Wim Goettsch, and Lonneke Timmers. “Preparing for the EU HTA Regulation: Insights from the Dutch Perspective.” Journal of Market Access & Health Policy 13, no. 3 (July 2025): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmahp13030035.
Yaakob, Haniwarda. “Assessing The Standard Of Care Of Doctors In Emergency Departments.” UUM Journal of Legal Studies 16, no. 1 (January 2025): 19–33. https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2025.16.1.2.
Yasin, Redwan, Wan Amir Azlan Wan Haniff, Siti Mariam Atan, Zulhazmi Yusof, Rosnani Mohd Salleh, and Rahmawati Mohd Yusoff. “Litigation, Labor and Law: Rethinking Workforce and Liability Structures in Malaysia’s Public Healthcare Sector.” Information Management and Business Review 17, no. 2(I) (June 2025): 116–23. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v17i2(I).4468.
Yasser, M., and Y.S Desiandri. “Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia Dalam Konstitusi Indonesia.” Iuris Studia: Jurnal Kajian Hukum 4, no. 3 (2023): 164–72. https://doi.org/10.55357/is.v4i3.413.
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Published
2026-09-30
How to Cite
HASANAH, Noorzatil; SUHARTONO, Slamet; MANGESTI, Yovita Arie.
Redesigning State Liability in Healthcare Provision: A Comparative Legal Framework of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Netherlands.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 3, p. 261-283, sep. 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/19609>. Date accessed: 13 oct. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.3.19609.
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