Global Norms and Constitutional Law in Indonesia and Pakistan
Abstract
The interaction between international legal norms and national constitutional law has become increasingly complex, particularly in countries with strong ideological and religious foundations. This study aims to analyze the process of legal adaptation of global norms within the constitutional systems of Indonesia and Pakistan and to identify the social, political, and religious factors that influence their legitimacy and effectiveness. This study employs a comparative legal analysis, focusing on constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, and relevant legal doctrines in Indonesia and Pakistan. The findings reveal that Indonesia adopts a dialogical– inclusive model, in which universal human rights values are contextualized through Pancasila and the principle of Divinity as normative filters, whereas Pakistan adopts a defensive–theological model that positions Sharia as the ultimate boundary of legal supremacy over global norms. Social, political, cultural, and religious values play a significant role in determining the degree of legitimacy and the practical effectiveness of international norms within each domestic context. This study concludes that the effectiveness of implementing international norms largely depends on a state’s ability to balance global commitments with the authenticity of its local values.
References
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Toatubun, Najarudin, and Djamaludin Djamaludin. “The Dialectics of the Principle of Legality and Living Law in the National Criminal Law System Post-Enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023.” JIHK 6, no. 1 (April 2024): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v6i1.253.
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, and Ihsan Yilmaz. “Islamists and the Incremental Islamisation of Pakistan: The Case of Women’s Rights.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 59, no. 3 (July 2021): 275–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2021.1948661.
Akhtar, Amer, Selina Aziz, and Neelum Almas. “The Poetics of Pakistani Patriarchy: A Critical Analysis of the Protest-Signs in Women’s March Pakistan 2019.” Journal of Feminist Scholarship 18, no. 18 (2021): 136–53. https://doi.org/10.23860/jfs.2021.18.08.
Akhtar, Jamil, and Mubasher Hussain. “Reinterpreting Dhimmitude.” Journal of Religious Minorities under Muslim Rule 3, no. 1 (September 2025): 84–110. https://doi.org/10.1163/27732142-bja00016.
Akram, Humayun, Khizar Hayat, and Wajid Ali. “The Interplay of Islamic Ideology and Political Authority in Pakistan’s Constitutional Framework (1947-1988).” Journal of Political Stability Archive 3, no. 2 (April 2025): 368–78. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.2.21.
Anggoro, Syahriza Alkohir, and Tunggul Anshari Setia Negara. “The Struggle for Recognition: Adat Law Trajectories under Indonesian Politics of Legal Unification.” International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 29, no. 1 (August 2021): 33–62. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-bja10040.
Arain, Muhammad Muzammil. “Freedom of Speech and Expression in Pakistan.” Law and Justice 9, no. 1 (August 2024): 188–204. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v9i1.5202.
Athar Abbas, Hira Munir, and Maham Maqbool. “Beyond Modern Myths: Islamic Perspectives on Women’s Rights and the Quran, Hadith, and Linguistic Narratives in Pakistani Feminism Looking Past Contemporary.” Journal of Applied Linguistics and Tesol (JALT) 8, no. 3 (September 2025): 2326–47. https://doi.org/10.63878/jalt1255.
Bilal, Muhammad, and Fatima Sajjad. “A Critical Examination of Legal Challenges in the Implementation of Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan.” Journal of Arts and Linguistics Studies 2, no. 3 (September 2024): 1651–82.
Bukhari, Syed Muhammad Farrukh, Syed Murad Ali Shah, and Khawaja Noor Ul Ain. “A Riddle of Balancing Responsibilities Under the Constitution of Pakistan and International Human Rights Law.” Journal of Political Stability Archive 3, no. 2 (June 2025): 946–57. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.2.56.
Bustos, Loren, and Kania Guzaimi. “Revisiting Asian Values: A Historical Analysis of Its Correlation with Business and Human Rights Development in Southeast Asia.” In Business and Human Rights from the Lens of Women, edited by Danielle Anne Pamplona, Carolina Olarte-Bácares, and Olena Uvarova, 195–214. Cham: Springer, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04036-7_10.
Butt, Saeed Ahmed, and Khush Bakhat Bajwa. “Pakistan’s Religious Minorities: Constitutional Inclusion and Exclusion: An Appraisal.” Journal of Political Stability Archive 3, no. 1 (January 2025): 217–32. https://doi.org/10.63468/jpsa.3.1.15.
Čustović, Ajla. “Equal Before God but Not Equal Before His Law? Sharia Law and Women’s Right to Interpretation in the Light of the Human Rights Debate.” Religions 16, no. 3 (March 2025): 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16030362.
Fikri, Ahmad Lutfi Rijalul, and Hermawati Hermawati. “Integration of Sharia Norms in the Formation of Regional Regulations in Indonesia: Juridical Analysis of the Formation of Sharia Regional Regulations.” Jurnal Darussalam: Pemikiran Hukum Tata Negara Dan Perbandingan Mazhab 4, no. 2 (December 2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.59259/jd.v4i1.147.
Haroon Khalid. “Family Rights in Pakistan: Intersecting International Obligations and Plural National Legal Frameworks.” Indus Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 2025): 320–40. https://doi.org/10.59075/ijss.v3i2.1219.
Hussain, Mubasher, and Jamil Akhtar. “Recent Debates on Wife’s Right to Judicial Separation: An Analysis of the Traditional and Modern Interpretations of Muslim Family Laws in Pakistan.” Contemporary Islam 19, no. 1 (April 2025): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-024-00568-7.
Ikhwan, M., T. Zulfikar, and Sehat Ihsan Shadiqin. “Being Human and Having Rights: Exploring Women’s Education Under Sharia Law in Aceh.” DINIKA : Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 1 (June 2024): 113–32. https://doi.org/10.22515/dinika.v9i1.9018.
Iskandarsyah, Muhammad Raditya, and Zaky Ismail. “Diplomatic Privileges in Dispute: A Legal-Political Analysis of Indonesia’s Strategic Compliance with the Vienna Convention.” Transformasi Global 12, no. 1 (June 2025): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.012.01.1.
Kholis, Nur. “A Normative Ethical Analysis of Islamic Unit-Linked Insurance Using the Maqasid Shariah Framework of Abu Zahrah.” Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba 11, no. 1 (June 2025): 455–82. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss1.art18.
Masyhar, Ali, Rohadhatul Aisy, Anis Widyawati, M. Azil Maskur, and Ali Murtadho. “Reclaiming the Unwritten: Living Law’s Prospects under Indonesia’s 2023 Penal Reform.” Jambe Law Journal 8, no. 1 (July 2025): 255–85. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v8i1.502.
Mim, Nusrat Tayba, and Shahariar Islam Sovon. “Minority Rights in Bangladesh: A Comparative Legal Analysis with India, Pakistan and China.” International Journal Of Legal Studies And Policy 1, no. 1 (August 2025): 87–112.
Mohiuddin, Asif. “Human Rights Law in Muslim Majority Countries: An Assessment.” In Human Rights Law in Egypt and Malaysia: Freedom of Religion and Expression, 35–74. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63859-6_2.
Muslimin, JM., Habiburrahman Rizapoor, Arif Zamhari, Halid, and Muhammad Umar. “Sharia, Deradicalization and National Consensus: A Review of Pancasila-Inspired Philosophy as a Socio-Legal Nexus for Indonesia and Afghanistan.” International Journal of Law and Society (IJLS) 3, no. 2 (August 2024): 131–55. https://doi.org/10.59683/ijls.v3i2.93.
Nasoha, Ahmad Muhamad Mustain, Ashfiya Nur Atqiya, Imam Abdullah, Muhammad Nur Ukasyah, and Viror Ghufron Assaifi. “Criminal Law in Muslim-Majority Countries: Balancing Sharia, Human Rights, and Global Standards.” SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary 10, no. 1 (June 2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22515/shahih.v10i1.10038.
Piter, Romanus, and F.X. Eko Armada Riyanto. “Memahami Sila ‘Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa’ Pancasila Dalam Perspektif Filsafat Gabriel Marcel.” Pancasila: Jurnal Keindonesiaan 4, no. 1 (April 2024): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.52738/pjk.v4i1.414.
Pratama, Andika, and Nouval Nanola. “Ethical and Cultural Barriers to Transgender Adolescent Health in Indonesia: Bridging Global Standards with Local Realities.” International Journal of Transgender Health, August 2025, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2025.2545576.
Ramsi, Hanafi. “The Dialectics of Freedom of Expression and Legal Restrictions on Digital Platforms: An Analysis of Human Rights Principles, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Constitutional Court Decision No. 105/PUU-XXII/2024.” International Journal of Law, Environment, and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (August 2025): 57–75. https://doi.org/10.51749/injurlens.v5i1.132.
Raza, Fatima. “State-Sanctioned Hostility: The Instrumentalization of Mass Emotion Through Pakistan’s Anti-Blasphemy Laws and Its Impact on Christian Minorities.” Muslim Politics Review 4, no. 1 (June 2025): 45–75. https://doi.org/10.56529/mpr.v4i1.299.
Restoy, Enrique, and Stefan Elbe. “Drilling Down in Norm Diffusion: Norm Domestication, ‘Glocal’ Power, and Community-Based Organizations in Global Health.” Global Studies Quarterly 1, no. 3 (September 2021): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksab025.
Seema Gul, Riaz Ahmad, and Dr. Sami Ur Rahman. “Constitutional Dualities: Reconciling Islamic Normativity with Common Law Principles in Hybrid Legal Systems.” Indus Journal of Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 2025): 674–93. https://doi.org/10.59075/ijss.v3i2.1501.
Setiawan, Ken M. P., and Anthony J. Spires. “Global Concepts, Local Meanings: How Civil Society Interprets and Uses Human Rights in Asia.” Asian Studies Review 45, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2020.1849028.
Snyder, Jack. “Vernacularizing Human Rights: A Review Essay.” Journal of Human Rights 24, no. 2 (March 2025): 271–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2025.2456828.
Sudirta, I Wayan, John Pieris, Wachid Nugroho, and Hanugra Ryantoni. “Explore the Values of Pancasila as the Basic Philosophy of the Indonesian Nation.” Arena Hukum 18, no. 1 (April 2025): 127–58. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum2025.01801.6.
Tariq, Mahnoor. “Human Rights Challenges in Pakistan: Global Norms and Local Realities.” International Journal of Sustainable Applied Sciences 3, no. 7 (August 2025): 479–502. https://doi.org/10.59890/ijsas.v3i7.109.
Toatubun, Najarudin, and Djamaludin Djamaludin. “The Dialectics of the Principle of Legality and Living Law in the National Criminal Law System Post-Enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023.” JIHK 6, no. 1 (April 2024): 85–94. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v6i1.253.
Published
2026-02-18
How to Cite
MUIN, Sri Amlinawaty A; MUHDAR, Muh. Zulkifli; MAIL, Syed Muhammad Huzaif.
Global Norms and Constitutional Law in Indonesia and Pakistan.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 62-76, feb. 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/19162>. Date accessed: 26 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.1.19162.
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