Advancing the Protection of Child Victims of Crime: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and the Philippines
Abstract
The protection of children as victims of crime remains one of the major challenges in modern child protection legal framework systems, particularly in developing states such as Indonesia and the Philippines. Although both states have constitutional commitments and national policies aimed at safeguarding children’s rights, the implementation of protection for child victims often encounters structural, cultural, and institutional obstacles. This article examines the role of child protection legal framework in strengthening the protection of child victims through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks, policies, and law enforcement practices in both states. The study employs a comparative legal research method by analyzing relevant legislation, jurisprudence, and public policies on child protection. The findings indicate that Indonesia and the Philippines both possess a strong legal foundation for child protection, as reflected in the Child Protection Law of 2002 (amendment 2014 and 2016) and the Philippines’ Republic Act No. 7610 of 1992. However, the effectiveness of implementation remains limited due to inadequate inter-agency coordination, resource constraints, and a lack of sensitivity among law enforcement officials toward child victims. This study underscores that child protection legal framework plays a crucial role not only as a normative regulatory instrument but also as a means of social engineering that promotes justice and the well-being of child victims of crime. The main recommendations include strengthening institutional capacity, enhancing training for law enforcement personnel, and harmonizing cross-sectoral policies to achieve more effective and sustainable child protection.
References
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———. “Policy Analysis of the Administration of Child Protection Services in Zamboanga City, Philippines.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4518734.
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Islam, M. Rezaul. “Child Protection in South Asia: Assessing the Current Status, Progress, and Obstacles of the Legal Framework.” SN Social Sciences 5, no. 4 (April 2025): 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-025-01082-0.
Kusmayanti, Hazar, Sonny Dewi Judiasih, Dede Kania, and Dewi Sulastri. “A Comparative Analysis of the Indonesian and Philippine Judicial Systems: Identifying the Role of Customary Courts.” Cepalo 9, no. 1 (2025): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v9no1.3677.
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Luh Putu Maitra Agastya, Ni, Sarah Wise, Margaret Kertesz, and Santi Kusumaningrum. “Transformation of Child Welfare Institutions in Bandung, West Java: A Case of Deinstitutionalization in Indonesia.” Children and Youth Services Review 159 (April 2024): 107545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107545.
Mahendra, Kadek Krisna. “Tinjauan Perbandingan Hukum Pidana Antara Negara Indonesia Dengan Filipina Terkait Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Anak Di Bawah Umur.” Jurnal Pacta Sunt Servanda 6, no. 1 (2025): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpss.v6i1.5375.
Makarao, Taufik, and Quthub Al Faruqi. “Implementation of Child Protection Policies in Indonesia - A Comparison Study of the Effectiveness of Child Protection Institutions Performance.” Jurnal Hukum Jurisdictie 5, no. 1 (July 2023): 61–84. https://doi.org/10.34005/jhj.v5i1.117.
Mavitia Humairah Ms, Heni Nopianti, and Ika Pasca Himawati. “Collaboration Between Women and Child Protection and Women’s Crisis Center in Assisting Victims of Sexual Violence Against Children.” Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 1 (November 2024): 540–53. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i1.880.
Mobo, Froilan D. “Strengthening the Child’s Protection Program in the Philippines.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 2, no. 12 (December 2021): 1384–86. https://doi.org/10.11594/10.11594/ijmaber.02.12.11.
Pamposa, Marni A, and Adonis S Besa. “Barangay Council for the Protection of Children, Their Four Core Rights and Its Contribution To Barangay Good Governance.” Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 3 (2025): 1587–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15149543.
Pascua, Alexandra Mojica. “Post-Knutson Navigation: Analyzing Child Protection Laws in Light of the Application Crisis in Knutson v. Sarmiento-Flores.” Philippine Law Journal 97, no. 1 (2023): 167–227.
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Rachmawati, Meida. “The Urgency of Legal Reform and Inter-Agency Synergy in Efforts to Eradicate Child Trafficking.” Jurnal Dialektika Keadilan 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–12.
Rahamathulla, Mubarak. “Cyber Safety of Children in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Region: A Critical Review of Legal Frameworks and Policy Implications.” International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 4 (December 2021): 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-021-00087-5.
Raodiah, Raodiah, Dian Eka Kusuma Wardani, Nurmiati Muhiddin, and Princess Alyssa D. Tee-Anastacio. “Legal Politics of Handling Children as Perpetrators of Criminal Acts: A Comparison of Indonesia and the Philippines from the Perspective of Customary Law and Children’s Rights.” SASI 31, no. 4 (October 2025): 361. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v31i4.3394.
Rijadi, Prasetijo, Anis Febriana Mahmudah, and Jamil Jamil. “Comparative Legal Protection for Women and Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Southeast Asia: A Normative and Policy Gap Analysis.” Remittances Review 10, no. 10 (2025): 181–87.
Rivaldi, Ahmad. “Legal Protection and Children’s Rights Based on the 1945 Constitution in the Dynamics of Government in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 1, no. 01 (June 2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.63731/jhk.v1i01.2.
Roche, Steven, and Catherine Flynn. “Local Child Protection in the Philippines: A Case Study of Actors, Processes and Key Risks for Children.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2021): 367–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.332.
Santos, Roy Enrico C., and Raya Grace T. Tan. “‘Safe Spaces Act’ Increases Protections Against Sexual Harassment Online and in Workplaces in Philippines.” Ogletree Deakins, 2020.
Setyawan, Gidion Arif, Andy Fefta Wijaya, Hermawan Hermawan, and Yurizal Yurizal. “Urgency of Institutionalizing Collaborative Governance in the Legal System for the Protection of Children in Conflict with the Law.” Jurnal Hukum 41, no. 2 (June 2025): 346–65. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v41i2.46413.
Shibuya, Fumiko, Masahide Usami, Marian Danille Santillan, Cut Warnaini, Ernesto Gregorio, Naoko Satake, Crystal Amiel Estrada, et al. “Comparative Study on School-Based Mental Health Literacy in Three Asian States.” Tropical Medicine and Health 53, no. 1 (June 2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00697-6.
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Uchenna Emelonye. “Theoretical and Normative Foundation of Child Rights.” US-China Law Review 15, no. 1 (January 2018). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2018.01.001.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, Patrick O’Leary, Clare Tilbury, and Yenny Tjoe. “Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of Literature, Law and Policy.” Child Abuse & Neglect 95 (September 2019): 104–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104034.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, Patrick O’Leary, Clare Tilbury, and Yenny Tjoe. “The Problematization of Child Sexual Abuse in Policy and Law: The Indonesian Example.” Child Abuse & Neglect 118 (August 2021): 105–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105157.
Yulianingsih, Sri, Rengga Kusuma Putra, and Titi Christiana. “Aspek Hukum Penanganan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Di Ruang Digital Studi Perbandingan Antara Indonesia Dan Negara-Negara Di ASEAN.” Jaksa: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik 2, no. 4 (2024): 19–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51903/jaksa.v2i4.2267.
Zuhdi, Syaifuddin, Ma Daphnee Alaba, Marisa Kurnianingsih, Andria Luhur Prakoso, and Fahmi Fairuzzaman. “The Comparative Study of Child and Women’s Rights Protection After Marital Dissolution in Indonesia and Philippines.” Sakina: Journal of Family Studies 9, no. 2 (May 2025): 146–64. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v9i2.14981.
Andaya, Eduardo J., and ROnhel S. Patricio. “Mapping Child Protection in the Philippines: A Scoping Review of Implementation, Best Practices and Challenges.” Journal of Academic and Research in Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (2025): 70–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15723234.
Aosa, Kayla Dea, Rina Martini, and Supratiwi Supratiwi. “Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Peraturan Menteri Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Perlindungan Anak Nomor 18 Tahun 2019 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Forum Anak (Studi Kasus Penyelenggaraan Forum Anak Kota Semarang).” Journal of Politic and Government Studies 13, no. 3 (2024): 335–49.
Ariani, Ni Made Ita, Ni Putu Rai Yuliarti, and Dewa Gede Sudika Mangku. “Implementation of Law Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Criminal Justice System for Children Against Theft Perpetrated by Children in Buleleng Regency (Case Study Number: B/346/2016/Reskrim).” E-Journal Komunitas Yustisia 2, no. 2 (2019): 100–112.
Arintyas, Ameylia Puspita Rosa Dyah Ayu, Hakimul Ikhwan, and Muhadjir Darwin. “Protection Innovation Actions as an Effort to Fulfill the Social Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law: Case Study in Dki Jakarta and Di Yogyakarta,” 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4819137.
Aryana, I Wayan. “The Reformulation of Restitution Concept in Juvenile Cases (A Comparative Study with Philippines and Thailand).” Padjadjaran Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law) 07, no. 03 (January 2021): 400–420. https://doi.org/10.22304/pjih.v7n3.a6.
Atilano-Tang, Lesley Ann. “Local Government Assistance to Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse in the Zampen Region, Philippines: A Policy Analysis.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4518722.
———. “Policy Analysis of the Administration of Child Protection Services in Zamboanga City, Philippines.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4518734.
Bag-ao, Brian Ven Climaco. “‘In Number There Is Strength’: Multi-Agency Collaborative Strategies for Combating Online Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children (OSAEC) In Cagayan De Oro City, Philippines.” Socialinės Gerovės Tyrimai Social Inquiry 23, no. 1 (2025): 26–57. https://doi.org/10.13165/SD-25-23-1-02.
Biro Hukum dan Humas. “Optimalkan Implementasi UU TPKS Dalam Penanganan Hukum Kasus Kekerasan, KemenPPPA Libatkan Koordinasi Lintas Sektor.” Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak, 2023.
Castro, Eltimar T., and Alexander A. Hernandez. “Developing a Predictive Model on Assessing Children in Conflict with the Law and Children at Risk: A Case in the Philippines.” In 2019 IEEE 15th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA), 243–48. IEEE, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSPA.2019.8695984.
Council for the Welfare of Children and Unicef. “Philippine Plan of Action to End Violence against Children,” 2017.
Cruz, Maria Angela P., Isabelle Therese G. Navarro, and Frances Mae T. Villanueva. “Child Protection Interventions in the Philippines – A Scoping Review.” International Journal of Social Sciences, Language and Linguistics 05, no. 02 (February 2025): 09–15. https://doi.org/10.55640/ijssll-05-02-02.
Faradina, Tasya. “Implementation of the Child Protection Act: Evaluation and Recommendations.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Keadilan 2, no. 3 (2025): 56–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61942/jhk.v2i3.245.
Farhana, Farhana, Lisa Iryani, Tasmiati Emsa, Nurliana Nurliana, Kraugusteeliana Kraugusteeliana, and Wartiniyati Wartiniyati. “Increasing Understanding of Legal Protection of Children’S Rights in the Perspective of Indonesian Positive Law.” International Journal of Community Care of Humanity (IJCCH 2, no. 03 (2024): 302–8.
Faulkner, Elizabeth A., and Conrad Nyamutata. “The Decolonisation of Children’s Rights and the Colonial Contours of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.” The International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 1 (March 2020): 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801009.
Grehenson, Gusti. “Psikolog UGM: Pelaku Kekerasan Anak Cenderung Punya Gangguan Kesehatan Mental.” Berita Psikolog Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2024.
Hairi, Prianter Jaya, and Marfuatul Latifah. “Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 Tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (Implementation of Law Number 12 of 2022 on Criminal Acts of Sexual Violence).” Negara Hukum: Membangun Hukum Untuk Keadilan Dan Kesejahteraan 14, no. 2 (October 2024): 163–80. https://doi.org/10.22212/jnh.v14i2.4108.
Islam, M. Rezaul. “Child Protection in South Asia: Assessing the Current Status, Progress, and Obstacles of the Legal Framework.” SN Social Sciences 5, no. 4 (April 2025): 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-025-01082-0.
Kusmayanti, Hazar, Sonny Dewi Judiasih, Dede Kania, and Dewi Sulastri. “A Comparative Analysis of the Indonesian and Philippine Judicial Systems: Identifying the Role of Customary Courts.” Cepalo 9, no. 1 (2025): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.25041/cepalo.v9no1.3677.
Lafont, Cristina. “Are Human Rights Associative Rights? The Debate between Humanist and Political Conceptions of Human Rights Revisited.” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 25, no. 1 (January 2022): 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698230.2020.1859221.
Luh Putu Maitra Agastya, Ni, Sarah Wise, Margaret Kertesz, and Santi Kusumaningrum. “Transformation of Child Welfare Institutions in Bandung, West Java: A Case of Deinstitutionalization in Indonesia.” Children and Youth Services Review 159 (April 2024): 107545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107545.
Mahendra, Kadek Krisna. “Tinjauan Perbandingan Hukum Pidana Antara Negara Indonesia Dengan Filipina Terkait Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Terhadap Anak Di Bawah Umur.” Jurnal Pacta Sunt Servanda 6, no. 1 (2025): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpss.v6i1.5375.
Makarao, Taufik, and Quthub Al Faruqi. “Implementation of Child Protection Policies in Indonesia - A Comparison Study of the Effectiveness of Child Protection Institutions Performance.” Jurnal Hukum Jurisdictie 5, no. 1 (July 2023): 61–84. https://doi.org/10.34005/jhj.v5i1.117.
Mavitia Humairah Ms, Heni Nopianti, and Ika Pasca Himawati. “Collaboration Between Women and Child Protection and Women’s Crisis Center in Assisting Victims of Sexual Violence Against Children.” Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities 5, no. 1 (November 2024): 540–53. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i1.880.
Mobo, Froilan D. “Strengthening the Child’s Protection Program in the Philippines.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 2, no. 12 (December 2021): 1384–86. https://doi.org/10.11594/10.11594/ijmaber.02.12.11.
Pamposa, Marni A, and Adonis S Besa. “Barangay Council for the Protection of Children, Their Four Core Rights and Its Contribution To Barangay Good Governance.” Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 3 (2025): 1587–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15149543.
Pascua, Alexandra Mojica. “Post-Knutson Navigation: Analyzing Child Protection Laws in Light of the Application Crisis in Knutson v. Sarmiento-Flores.” Philippine Law Journal 97, no. 1 (2023): 167–227.
Pratama, Ardian, Opan Satria Mandala, and Ana Rahmatyar. “Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan Perlindungan Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Di Indonesia Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 Tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS).” Indonesia Berdaya 6, no. 3 (2025): 707–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47679/ib.20251159.
Rachmawati, Meida. “The Urgency of Legal Reform and Inter-Agency Synergy in Efforts to Eradicate Child Trafficking.” Jurnal Dialektika Keadilan 1, no. 1 (2025): 1–12.
Rahamathulla, Mubarak. “Cyber Safety of Children in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Region: A Critical Review of Legal Frameworks and Policy Implications.” International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 4 (December 2021): 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-021-00087-5.
Raodiah, Raodiah, Dian Eka Kusuma Wardani, Nurmiati Muhiddin, and Princess Alyssa D. Tee-Anastacio. “Legal Politics of Handling Children as Perpetrators of Criminal Acts: A Comparison of Indonesia and the Philippines from the Perspective of Customary Law and Children’s Rights.” SASI 31, no. 4 (October 2025): 361. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v31i4.3394.
Rijadi, Prasetijo, Anis Febriana Mahmudah, and Jamil Jamil. “Comparative Legal Protection for Women and Child Victims of Sexual Violence in Southeast Asia: A Normative and Policy Gap Analysis.” Remittances Review 10, no. 10 (2025): 181–87.
Rivaldi, Ahmad. “Legal Protection and Children’s Rights Based on the 1945 Constitution in the Dynamics of Government in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 1, no. 01 (June 2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.63731/jhk.v1i01.2.
Roche, Steven, and Catherine Flynn. “Local Child Protection in the Philippines: A Case Study of Actors, Processes and Key Risks for Children.” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2021): 367–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.332.
Santos, Roy Enrico C., and Raya Grace T. Tan. “‘Safe Spaces Act’ Increases Protections Against Sexual Harassment Online and in Workplaces in Philippines.” Ogletree Deakins, 2020.
Setyawan, Gidion Arif, Andy Fefta Wijaya, Hermawan Hermawan, and Yurizal Yurizal. “Urgency of Institutionalizing Collaborative Governance in the Legal System for the Protection of Children in Conflict with the Law.” Jurnal Hukum 41, no. 2 (June 2025): 346–65. https://doi.org/10.26532/jh.v41i2.46413.
Shibuya, Fumiko, Masahide Usami, Marian Danille Santillan, Cut Warnaini, Ernesto Gregorio, Naoko Satake, Crystal Amiel Estrada, et al. “Comparative Study on School-Based Mental Health Literacy in Three Asian States.” Tropical Medicine and Health 53, no. 1 (June 2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00697-6.
Trimaya, Arrista. “Pengaturan Perlindungan Khusus Bagi Anak Korban Kekerasan Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak (Arrangements for Child Protection as Victim of Violence in Law Number 35).” Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia 12, no. 3 (November 2018): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.54629/jli.v12i3.407.
Uchenna Emelonye. “Theoretical and Normative Foundation of Child Rights.” US-China Law Review 15, no. 1 (January 2018). https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2018.01.001.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, Patrick O’Leary, Clare Tilbury, and Yenny Tjoe. “Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of Literature, Law and Policy.” Child Abuse & Neglect 95 (September 2019): 104–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104034.
Wismayanti, Yanuar Farida, Patrick O’Leary, Clare Tilbury, and Yenny Tjoe. “The Problematization of Child Sexual Abuse in Policy and Law: The Indonesian Example.” Child Abuse & Neglect 118 (August 2021): 105–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105157.
Yulianingsih, Sri, Rengga Kusuma Putra, and Titi Christiana. “Aspek Hukum Penanganan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Di Ruang Digital Studi Perbandingan Antara Indonesia Dan Negara-Negara Di ASEAN.” Jaksa: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik 2, no. 4 (2024): 19–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51903/jaksa.v2i4.2267.
Zuhdi, Syaifuddin, Ma Daphnee Alaba, Marisa Kurnianingsih, Andria Luhur Prakoso, and Fahmi Fairuzzaman. “The Comparative Study of Child and Women’s Rights Protection After Marital Dissolution in Indonesia and Philippines.” Sakina: Journal of Family Studies 9, no. 2 (May 2025): 146–64. https://doi.org/10.18860/jfs.v9i2.14981.
Published
2026-02-11
How to Cite
PANGESTUTI, Erly et al.
Advancing the Protection of Child Victims of Crime: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and the Philippines.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 38-61, feb. 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/18570>. Date accessed: 26 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.1.18570.
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