Digital Transformation of Land Certificates in Combating Land Mafia: A Socio-Legal and Empirical Study in Indonesia
Abstract
The implementation of electronic land certificates is a fundamental component of the digital transformation of land administration in Indonesia, aimed at increasing transparency, efficiency, and legal certainty. While previous studies often view electronic certificates as merely administrative tools, this study addresses a critical gap by analyzing their socio-legal implications and legal effectiveness in combating land mafia practices. Employing empirical legal research methods with a socio-legal approach, this study leverages in-depth interviews with the Bojonegoro Agrarian Office, law enforcement officers, and rural communities in East Java, as well as field observations. Empirical findings indicate that digitalization has resulted in significant improvements in administrative efficiency, reducing certificate issuance times by approximately 50% and measurably reducing document forgery disputes by 30% between 2022 and 2024. However, digitalization has proven only partially effective: rather than eliminating agrarian crimes, it has altered their modus operandi, creating new vulnerabilities to internal database manipulation and systemic bureaucratic collusion. Furthermore, a structural digital divide and persistent low public trust among rural and elderly demographics critically hinder the program's universal success. This manuscript contributes to the international scholarly discourse on digital land governance by demonstrating that, in developing countries, technological modernization must be strictly accompanied by institutional integrity, strict bureaucratic oversight, and socio-legal inclusiveness to achieve substantive legal certainty.
References
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Lily Kalyana, and Widodo Budidarmo. “Dynamics of Land Ownership Rights in the Perspective of Indonesian Agrarian Law in the Perspective of Legal Certainty and Social Justice.” JOSH: Journal of Sharia 4, no. 02 (June 2025): 234–43. https://doi.org/10.55352/josh.v4i02.2021.
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Masriani, Yulies Tiena. “Pentingnya Kepemilikan Sertifikat Tanah Melalui Pendaftaran Tanah Sebagai Bukti Hak.” Jurnal USM Law Review 5, no. 2 (October 2022): 539–52. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i2.5777.
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Napitupulu, Diana R. W. “Legal Certainty Regarding Electronification of Land Certificates (Sertipikat-El) As Proof of Ownership of Land Rights in Indonesia.” Jurnal Smart Hukum (JSH) 3, no. 1 (June 2024): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.55299/jsh.v3i1.921.
Noer, Rana Tatsbita, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Aprila Niravita, Muhammad Adymas, Hikal Fikri, and Harry Nugroho. “Transformasi Digital Pendaftaran Tanah: Tantangan Dan Efektivitas Implementasi Aplikasi Sentuh Tanahku Dalam Era Society 5.0.” Jurnal Ilmiah Nusantara (JINU) 1, no. 6 (2024): 250–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61722/jinu.v1i6.2806.
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Rosmidah, Rosmidah, Indriya Fathni, Supeno Supeno, and Yusuf Sani Abubakar. “Can Electronic Land Rights Registration Help Prevent Land from Mafia Practices?” Jambe Law Journal 7, no. 2 (December 2024): 539–58. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v7i2.375.
Sihombing, Batahan Fransciskus. “Indonesian Law: Development and Renewal.” Beijing Law Review 15, no. 01 (2024): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2024.151001.
Sutrisno, Windi Lestari, Amelia Nur Widyanti, and Supaphorn Akkapin. “Legal Certainty of Electronic Land Certificates in Land Registration in Indonesia.” Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan 4, no. 2 (2025): 57–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v4i2.2592.
Syarifudin, Afif, and Agus Supriyo. “Digitalisasi Layanan Pertanahan Di Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kota Surabaya Dalam Upaya Mencegah Mafia Tanah.” Doktrina: Journal of Law 8, no. 1 (2025): 37–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31289/doktrina.v8i1.13427.
Valkonen, Anni. “Examining Sources of Land Tenure (In)Security. A Focus on Authority Relations, State Politics, Social Dynamics and Belonging.” Land Use Policy 101 (February 2021): 105191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105191.
Wang, Hui, Jeffrey Riedinger, and Songqing Jin. “Land Documents, Tenure Security and Land Rental Development: Panel Evidence from China.” China Economic Review 36 (December 2015): 220–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2015.09.005.
Widiyono, Try, and Md Zubair Kasem Khan. “Legal Certainty in Land Rights Acquisition in Indonesia’s National Land Law.” Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 19, no. 1 (August 2023): 128–47. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i1.48393.
Yusni, Muhammad, and Bisdan Sigalingging. “Encryption as The Legal Protection Against Cybercrimes Associated with Digital Land Certificates in Indonesia.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 15, no. 2 (2021): 124–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766551.
Aditya, Trias, Purnama Budi Santosa, Yulaikhah Yulaikhah, Nurrohmat Widjajanti, Dedi Atunggal, and Miranty Sulistyawati. “Title Validation and Collaborative Mapping to Accelerate Quality Assurance of Land Registration.” Land Use Policy 109 (October 2021): 105689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105689.
Aidina, Fitria, Deny Guntara, and Muhamad Abas. “Utilization Of Electronic Technology in Ptsl Program in Karawang Regency And Its Implications On Issuance Of Electronic Documents in Land Registration Activities Based On Permen No . 3 Year 2023.” De Lega Lata: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 2 (2025): 247–53. https://doi.org/10.30596/dll.v10i2.24336.
Alam, Kazi Masudul, J.M. Ashfiqur Rahman, Anisha Tasnim, and Aysha Akther. “A Blockchain-Based Land Title Management System for Bangladesh.” Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 34, no. 6 (June 2022): 3096–3110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.10.011.
Ayanwale, Adeolu, and Ayodeji D. Kehinde. “Determinants of Use of Digital Innovation and Its Impact on Land Acquisition and Food Security among Farming Households in Nigeria.” World Development Perspectives 39 (September 2025): 100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2025.100702.
Davis, Fred D. “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology.” MIS Quarterly 13, no. 3 (September 1989): 319–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008.
Dewi, Dyah Adriantini Sintha, Tsuroyyaa Maitsaa’ Jaudah, Sigit Priyono, and Princess Alysaa D. Tee-Anastacio. “Comparative Law Between Indonesia and Philippines Regarding the Procedure for Issuing Replacement Land Certificates.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 25, no. 2 (May 2025): 112. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2025.25.2.15720.
Dewi, Raden Ayu Rani Mutiara, and Catherine Susantio. “Penggunaan Sertifikat Elektronik Untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pendaftaran Tanah Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Mafia Tanah.” Jurnal Syntax Admiration 5, no. 9 (September 2024): 3382–92. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v5i9.1441.
Djaja, Benny, and Laura Helena Wiryana. “Electronic Certificate in the Digitalization of Land Management in Indonesia: An Application of Theory ‘For What Is Inexistent–A New One Is Procured’Electronic Certificate in the Digitalization of Land Management in Indonesia: An Application of Theory “Fo.” International Journal of Application on Social Science and Humanities 1, no. 1 (February 2023): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.24912/ijassh.v1i1.25695.
Elora, Devi. “Sertifikat Elektronik Dalam Perspektif Hukum Pertanahan Di Indonesia: Kajian Yuridis Terhadap Implementasi Digitalisasi Hak Milik.” Cessie : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 3, no. 2 (November 2024): 72–81. https://doi.org/10.55904/cessie.v3i2.1509.
Febriyanti, Nasab Sabrina, Safira Embun Insanidya, Utami Okta Khamsa, Salsabila Firliana, and Muhammad Adymas Hikal Fikri. “Trasnformasi Digital Pendaftaran Tanah Sebagai Langkah Strategis Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum Hak Atas Tanah.” Wathan: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora 3, no. 1 (February 2026): 132–47. https://doi.org/10.71153/wathan.v3i1.443.
Halim, Anriz Nazaruddin. “Digital Land Reform: The Impact of Indonesia’s Electronic Land Administration System on Agrarian Governance.” Journal Evidence Of Law 4, no. 2 (2025): 922–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v4i2.1579.
Hosseini, Hamid, Behnam Atazadeh, and Abbas Rajabifard. “Towards Intelligent Land Administration Systems: Research Challenges, Applications and Prospects in AI-Driven Approaches.” Land Use Policy 157 (October 2025): 107652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107652.
Jin, Xianglan, Huizhu Cui, Fengwei Liu, Ziqiang Hu, and Yonghao Cai. “Does Cybersecurity Regulation Promote Digital Transformation? Evidence from the Cyber Security Law in China.” Finance Research Letters 76 (April 2025): 107041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2025.107041.
Khusnul Khotimah, Mohammad Baladdudin Dayar, Ach. Ilyasi, Nur Wahdatul Chilmy, Faiqoh Nurul Hikmah, Imam Sunarto, Nanny Mayasari. Administrasi Publik: Birokrasi Menuju Transformasi Digital. Bandung: Penerbit Widina Media Utama, 2025.
Kusmiarto, Kusmiarto, Trias Aditya, Djurdjani Djurdjani, and Subaryono Subaryono. “Digital Transformation of Land Services in Indonesia: A Readiness Assessment.” Land 10, no. 2 (January 2021): 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020120.
Lawrence M. Friedman. The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1975.
Lily Kalyana, and Widodo Budidarmo. “Dynamics of Land Ownership Rights in the Perspective of Indonesian Agrarian Law in the Perspective of Legal Certainty and Social Justice.” JOSH: Journal of Sharia 4, no. 02 (June 2025): 234–43. https://doi.org/10.55352/josh.v4i02.2021.
Malodia, Suresh, Amandeep Dhir, Mahima Mishra, and Zeeshan Ahmed Bhatti. “Future of E-Government: An Integrated Conceptual Framework.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 173 (December 2021): 121102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121102.
Masriani, Yulies Tiena. “Pentingnya Kepemilikan Sertifikat Tanah Melalui Pendaftaran Tanah Sebagai Bukti Hak.” Jurnal USM Law Review 5, no. 2 (October 2022): 539–52. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i2.5777.
Maulana, Hashfi, Nicholas Nugraha, Raden Arinda, Muhammad Fikri, and Rofi Wahanisa. “Urgensi Sertifikat Elektronik Dengan Pemantauan Berbasis AI Untuk Efisiensi Pendaftaran Tanah Dan Mitigasi Mafia Tanah Di Indonesia.” Journal Customary Law 2, no. 1 (November 2024): 9. https://doi.org/10.47134/jcl.v2i1.3304.
Napitupulu, Diana R. W. “Legal Certainty Regarding Electronification of Land Certificates (Sertipikat-El) As Proof of Ownership of Land Rights in Indonesia.” Jurnal Smart Hukum (JSH) 3, no. 1 (June 2024): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.55299/jsh.v3i1.921.
Noer, Rana Tatsbita, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Aprila Niravita, Muhammad Adymas, Hikal Fikri, and Harry Nugroho. “Transformasi Digital Pendaftaran Tanah: Tantangan Dan Efektivitas Implementasi Aplikasi Sentuh Tanahku Dalam Era Society 5.0.” Jurnal Ilmiah Nusantara (JINU) 1, no. 6 (2024): 250–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61722/jinu.v1i6.2806.
Primarini, Nabilla Lintang, Widya Nur Rahmalia, Devi Indah Prihastuti, Moh. Sigit Gunawan, and Ari Nurhaqi. “Legal Protection for the Security of Personal Data of Electronic Land Certificate Holders.” Jurnal Legisci 2, no. 4 (February 2025): 296–306. https://doi.org/10.62885/legisci.v2i4.619.
Putu Agus Susila Adnyana, and I Ketut Arya Wijaya. “Digital Transformation of Electronic Land Certificates : Solutions and Challenges in Indonesia’s Modern Land Registration System.” Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan Dan Sosial Humaniora 2, no. 5 (July 2025): 163–77. https://doi.org/10.62383/aliansi.v2i5.1209.
Ramadhana, Yuan Edo. “BPN Bojonegoro Terapkan Sertifikat Tanah Elektronik, Dipastikan Aman Dari Peretasan.” Jawa Pos: Radar Bojonegoro, 2024. https://radarbojonegoro.jawapos.com/bojonegoro/2407240003/bpn-bojonegoro-terapkan-sertifikat-tanah-elektronik-dipastikan-aman-dari-peretasan.
Rodima-Taylor, Daivi. “Digitalizing Land Administration: The Geographies and Temporalities of Infrastructural Promise.” Geoforum 122 (June 2021): 140–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.04.003.
Roestamy, Martin, Abraham Yazdi Martin, and Asep Thobibuddin Qolyubi. “Digitizing Land Registration As an Effort To Minimize the Practice of the Land Mafia.” Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 18, no. 3 (2023): 73–80.
Rosmidah, Rosmidah, Indriya Fathni, Supeno Supeno, and Yusuf Sani Abubakar. “Can Electronic Land Rights Registration Help Prevent Land from Mafia Practices?” Jambe Law Journal 7, no. 2 (December 2024): 539–58. https://doi.org/10.22437/home.v7i2.375.
Sihombing, Batahan Fransciskus. “Indonesian Law: Development and Renewal.” Beijing Law Review 15, no. 01 (2024): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2024.151001.
Sutrisno, Windi Lestari, Amelia Nur Widyanti, and Supaphorn Akkapin. “Legal Certainty of Electronic Land Certificates in Land Registration in Indonesia.” Sibatik Journal: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Sosial, Ekonomi, Budaya, Teknologi, Dan Pendidikan 4, no. 2 (2025): 57–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v4i2.2592.
Syarifudin, Afif, and Agus Supriyo. “Digitalisasi Layanan Pertanahan Di Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kota Surabaya Dalam Upaya Mencegah Mafia Tanah.” Doktrina: Journal of Law 8, no. 1 (2025): 37–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31289/doktrina.v8i1.13427.
Valkonen, Anni. “Examining Sources of Land Tenure (In)Security. A Focus on Authority Relations, State Politics, Social Dynamics and Belonging.” Land Use Policy 101 (February 2021): 105191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105191.
Wang, Hui, Jeffrey Riedinger, and Songqing Jin. “Land Documents, Tenure Security and Land Rental Development: Panel Evidence from China.” China Economic Review 36 (December 2015): 220–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2015.09.005.
Widiyono, Try, and Md Zubair Kasem Khan. “Legal Certainty in Land Rights Acquisition in Indonesia’s National Land Law.” Law Reform: Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 19, no. 1 (August 2023): 128–47. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v19i1.48393.
Yusni, Muhammad, and Bisdan Sigalingging. “Encryption as The Legal Protection Against Cybercrimes Associated with Digital Land Certificates in Indonesia.” International Journal of Cyber Criminology 15, no. 2 (2021): 124–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4766551.
Published
2026-05-30
How to Cite
YASIR, Muhammad; PURWANTO, Gunawan Hadi.
Digital Transformation of Land Certificates in Combating Land Mafia: A Socio-Legal and Empirical Study in Indonesia.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 2, p. 182-199, may 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/17809>. Date accessed: 13 june 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.2.17809.
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