The Right to Remain Silent vs. Defendant Statements: Examining Indonesia's New Criminal Procedure Code
Abstract
Article 142 of the New Criminal Procedure Code introduces the right to remain silent, yet it conflicts with Article 235, which continues to recognize defendant statements as valid evidence. This normative discrepancy creates legal uncertainty regarding the protection of suspects' and defendants' rights during the evidentiary process in Indonesia's judicial system. The aim of this research is to examine the existence of Defendant Statements in Indonesia's New Criminal Procedure Code in light of the Right to Remain Silent principle. The research adopts a normative legal method supported by a comparative approach in the United States of America and the Netherlands. It analyzes statutory provisions and compares them with legal systems that firmly uphold the privilege against self-incrimination. The findings demonstrate a clear contradiction between Article 142, which guarantees the Right to Remain Silent, and Article 235, which still recognizes Defendant Statements as valid evidence. This inconsistency creates legal uncertainty and undermines the effective protection of suspects’ and defendants’ rights during the evidentiary process from a critical perspective, suggesting that New Criminal Procedure Code has not fully embraced the principle of due process. It also creates the potential for abuse of power, particularly in practices that pressure defendants into providing statements. This study, therefore, proposes harmonising Articles 142 and 235 to ensure coherence between human rights principles and evidentiary mechanisms. The study contributes to this by offering a doctrinal and comparative framework to reinforce the implementation of the non-self-incrimination principle within Indonesia's criminal justice system.
References
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———. “Penerapan Prinsip Yang Adil Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana,” 2018.
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Karianga, Indra, and Pidel Kastro Hutapea. “Prinsip Miranda Rules ‘The Right To Remain Silent’ Dalam Perspektif Perbandingan Hukum.” Media Iuris 2, no. 3 (February 2020): 393. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v2i3.17375.
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Legal Information Institute. “Miranda Warning.” Cornell Law School, 2023.
Lundberg, Alexander, and Murat Mungan. “The Effect of Evidentiary Rules on Conviction Rates.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 203 (November 2022): 563–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.026.
M. Yahya Harahap. Pembahasan Permasalahan Dan Penerapan KUHAP. II. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2021.
Marias, Isabella. “The Past, Present, and Future of Miranda Rights.” George Washington University Pre-Law Student Association:The Justice Journal, 2024.
Muammar, Muammar, and Wahdaniah Baharuddin. “Prinsip Miranda Rule Sebagai Hak Asasi Tersangka Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia.” PATTIMURA Legal Journal 1, no. 3 (November 2022): 201–11. https://doi.org/10.47268/pela.v1i3.7504.
Muladi, Muladi. Hak Asasi Manusia, Politik Dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2002.
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Prawira, Yudha. “Reconceptualizing Justice: Utilizing the Fair Trial Principle As A Standard For A State’s Criminal Justice Systems.” Jus Comparatum: Jurnal Of Law Studies 1, no. 2 (2025): 21–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35586/icjls.v1i2.12026.
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Saraswati, Sekarwangi, and Olim Narzullayev. “Integrating Miranda Rights to Promote Human Rights Compliance.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 3, no. 3 (September 14, 2025): 459–85. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i3.94.
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Saul M. Kassin, Kyle C. Scherr, Fabiana Alceste. “The Right to Remain Silent: Realities and Illusions.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology. England: Routledge, 2019.
Snow, Mark D., Quintan Crough, Cassandre Dion Larivière, Funmilola Ogunseye, and Joseph Eastwood. “Remaining Silent During Interrogation.” Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 31, no. 2 (March 2024): 179–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2023.2175074.
Somomoeljono, Suhardi, and Maryzka Tiara Hardy. “The Relevance of the Miranda Rule for the Protection of Human Rights in Law Enforcement in Indonesia.” The International Journal of Law Review and State Administration 3, no. 4 (2025): 75–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58818/ijlrsa.v3i4.235.
Susilo, Erwin, Mohd Din, Suhaimi, and Teuku Muttaqin Mansur. “Access to Justice: An Effective Pretrial Model to Guarantee the Right to Defense for Suspects in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 14, no. 2 (July 2025): 317–50. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.14.2.2025.317-350.
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Tim Redaksi. “Mobil Brimob Lindas Pengemudi Ojol Saat Bubarkan Aksi Di Pejompongan, Massa Mengamuk.” Tanggerang News, 2025.
Vatjus-Anttila, Jalo. “A Conceptual Framework for Voluntary Confessions and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination.” Criminal Law and Philosophy 19, no. 1 (April 2025): 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-024-09727-6.
Vrugt, Peggy ter. “A Pragmatic Attitude: The Right to Silence in the Netherlands.” New Journal of European Criminal Law 12, no. 3 (September 2021): 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844211028312.
Wiguna, Anak Agung Putu Surya, I Made Sepud, and I Nyoman Sujana. “Hak-Hak Tersangka (Miranda Rule) Pada Tahap Penyidikan Dalam Kitab UU Hukum Acara Pidana.” Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 2020): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.1.1.2128.51-56.
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Arief, Barda Nawawi. “Bunga Rampai Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Perkembangan Penyusunan KUHP Baru.” Kencana, Jakarta, 2008.
Ayu Pralampita, Linda. “Kedudukan Amicus Curiae Dalam Sistem Peradilan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Lex Renaissance 5, no. 3 (July 2020). https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol5.iss3.art4.
Ayu Wulandari, and Sidi Ahyar Wiraguna. “Problematika Penerapan Prinsip Due Process of Law Dalam Hukum Acara Pengujian Undang-Undang Di Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Politika Progresif : Jurnal Hukum, Politik Dan Humaniora 2, no. 2 (May 2025): 52–63. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v2i2.1613.
Bilalli, Arta. “Interrogations And The Right To Remain Silent - A Comparative Approach.” SEEU Review 11, no. 1 (December 2015): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1515/seeur-2015-0010.
Blair, Chris. “Miranda and the Right to Silence in England.” Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 11, no. 1 (2003).
Bull, Ray, and Iris Blandón-Gitlin. The Routledge International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology. Edited by Ray Bull and Iris Blandón-Gitlin. London: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429326530.
Carter, William M. “The Second Founding and Self-Incrimination.” Northwestern University Law Review 118, no. 4 (2024): 927–84.
Chien, Shih-chun Steven. “Miranda in Taiwan: Why It Failed and Why We Should Care.” University of Pennsylvania Asian Law Review 17, no. 1 (2022): 177–88.
Daly, Yvonne, Anna Pivaty, Diletta Marchesi, and Peggy ter Vrugt. “Human Rights Protections in Drawing Inferences from Criminal Suspects’ Silence.” Human Rights Law Review 21, no. 3 (July 2021): 696–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngab006.
Defarianty, Saniyyah. “Circumstantial Evidence Dalam Ice Cold: Murder, Coffee, and Jessica Wongso, Ada Apa Dengan Peradilan Sianida?” LK2 FHUI, 2023.
Degerman, Dan, and Francesca Bellazzi. “Epistemic Arguments for a Democratic Right to Silence.” The Philosophical Quarterly 74, no. 4 (September 2024): 1137–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqad128.
Escobar Veas, Javier. “The Criminal Trial as an Instance of Impure, Imperfect Procedural Justice and the Procedural Rights of the Guilty.” Criminal Law and Philosophy, December 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-025-09786-3.
Fadli, Muhammad Rijal. “Memahami Desain Metode Penelitian Kualitatif.” HUMANIKA 21, no. 1 (April 2021): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v21i1.38075.
FJP Law Offices. “Hak Tersangka–Miranda Rules,” 2019.
Hamzah, Andi. Hukum Pidana Indonesia. Jakarta Timur: Sinar Grafika, 2017.
Handoko, Priyo, and Anis Farida. “Konsep Miranda Rule Dalam Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia Perspektif Maqasid Al-Shari’ah.” Al-Jinayah Jurnal Hukum Pidana Islam 7, no. 2 (December 2021): 386–408. https://doi.org/10.15642/aj.2021.7.2.386-408.
Harahap, M. Yahya. Pembahasan Permasalahan Dan Penerapan KUHAP Penyidikan Dan Penuntutan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2016.
Hasibuan, Khairuddin, Budi Sastra Panjaitan, and Arifuddin Muda Harahap. “RUU KUHAP: Tantangan Dan Harmonisasi Antara Asas Due Process of Law Dan Criminal Justice System Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Humaniora 3, no. 2 (July 2024): 57–72. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrish.v3i2.6023.
Holt, Glenys A., and Matthew A. Palmer. “Individual Attitudes Toward Coerced Confessions Change Perception of Confession Evidence: Why Jurors May Accept or Reject Poor-Quality Confessions.” Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 31, no. 6 (November 2024): 997–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2023.2242454.
Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR). “Mengenal Konvenan Internasional Hak Sipil Dan Politik,” 2012.
———. “Penerapan Prinsip Yang Adil Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana,” 2018.
Jackson, John D., and Sarah J. Summers. “Silence and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination.” In The Internationalisation of Criminal Evidence, 241–84. Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139093606.012.
Karianga, Indra, and Pidel Kastro Hutapea. “Prinsip Miranda Rules ‘The Right To Remain Silent’ Dalam Perspektif Perbandingan Hukum.” Media Iuris 2, no. 3 (February 2020): 393. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v2i3.17375.
Kurniawan, Zahri, Ilham Wahyudi, and H.S. Tisnanta. “The Right Non Self-Incrimination and Epistemology of Criminal Witnesses.” Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14, no. 4 (July 2020): 363–80. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v14no4.1988.
Langbein, John H. “The Historical Origins of the Privilege against Self-Incrimination at Common Law.” Michigan Law Review 92, no. 5 (March 1994): 1047. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289628.
Lawrence, Megan L., Emma R. Saiter, Rose E. Eerdmans, and Laura Smalarz. “The Miranda Penalty: Inferring Guilt from Suspects’ Silence.” Law and Human Behavior 48, no. 5–6 (October 2024): 368–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000587.
Legal Information Institute. “Miranda Warning.” Cornell Law School, 2023.
Lundberg, Alexander, and Murat Mungan. “The Effect of Evidentiary Rules on Conviction Rates.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 203 (November 2022): 563–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.09.026.
M. Yahya Harahap. Pembahasan Permasalahan Dan Penerapan KUHAP. II. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2021.
Marias, Isabella. “The Past, Present, and Future of Miranda Rights.” George Washington University Pre-Law Student Association:The Justice Journal, 2024.
Muammar, Muammar, and Wahdaniah Baharuddin. “Prinsip Miranda Rule Sebagai Hak Asasi Tersangka Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia.” PATTIMURA Legal Journal 1, no. 3 (November 2022): 201–11. https://doi.org/10.47268/pela.v1i3.7504.
Muladi, Muladi. Hak Asasi Manusia, Politik Dan Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2002.
Nita, Dian. “Jejak Kasus Kopi Sianida (IV): Panasnya Persidangan, Alotnya Pembuktian Jessica Wongso.” Kompas TV, 2023.
Prawira, Yudha. “Reconceptualizing Justice: Utilizing the Fair Trial Principle As A Standard For A State’s Criminal Justice Systems.” Jus Comparatum: Jurnal Of Law Studies 1, no. 2 (2025): 21–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35586/icjls.v1i2.12026.
Purbacaraka, Purnadi, and Adami Chazawi. Hukum Pembuktian Tindak Pidana. Depok: Rajawali Pers, 2010.
Sakowicz, Andrzej. “The Right to Silence in the EU Directive 2016/343 on the Strengthening of Certain Aspects of the Presumption of Innocence from the Perspective of Polish Criminal Proceedings.” Review of European and Comparative Law 41, no. 2 (August 2020): 55–80. https://doi.org/10.31743/recl.6155.
Saputra, Rio, Lufsiana Lufsiana, and Dharma Setiawan Negara. Reformasi Hukum Acara Pidana: Menyongsong KUHAP Baru. Tasikmalaya: Langgam Pustaka, 2025.
Saraswati, Sekarwangi, and Olim Narzullayev. “Integrating Miranda Rights to Promote Human Rights Compliance.” Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues (JSDERI) 3, no. 3 (September 14, 2025): 459–85. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v3i3.94.
Sauerland, Melanie, and Miet Vanderhallen. “Remaining Silent During Investigative Interviews: A Perspective of Prisoners Convicted for a Serious Crime.” Psychology, Crime & Law 32, no. 3 (March 2026): 479–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2024.2376242.
Saul M. Kassin, Kyle C. Scherr, Fabiana Alceste. “The Right to Remain Silent: Realities and Illusions.” In The Routledge International Handbook of Legal and Investigative Psychology. England: Routledge, 2019.
Snow, Mark D., Quintan Crough, Cassandre Dion Larivière, Funmilola Ogunseye, and Joseph Eastwood. “Remaining Silent During Interrogation.” Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 31, no. 2 (March 2024): 179–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2023.2175074.
Somomoeljono, Suhardi, and Maryzka Tiara Hardy. “The Relevance of the Miranda Rule for the Protection of Human Rights in Law Enforcement in Indonesia.” The International Journal of Law Review and State Administration 3, no. 4 (2025): 75–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58818/ijlrsa.v3i4.235.
Susilo, Erwin, Mohd Din, Suhaimi, and Teuku Muttaqin Mansur. “Access to Justice: An Effective Pretrial Model to Guarantee the Right to Defense for Suspects in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan 14, no. 2 (July 2025): 317–50. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.14.2.2025.317-350.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Fourteenth Amendment United States Constitution | Definition, Summary, Rights, Significance, & Facts,” 2026.
Tim Redaksi. “Mobil Brimob Lindas Pengemudi Ojol Saat Bubarkan Aksi Di Pejompongan, Massa Mengamuk.” Tanggerang News, 2025.
Vatjus-Anttila, Jalo. “A Conceptual Framework for Voluntary Confessions and the Privilege Against Self-Incrimination.” Criminal Law and Philosophy 19, no. 1 (April 2025): 19–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11572-024-09727-6.
Vrugt, Peggy ter. “A Pragmatic Attitude: The Right to Silence in the Netherlands.” New Journal of European Criminal Law 12, no. 3 (September 2021): 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/20322844211028312.
Wiguna, Anak Agung Putu Surya, I Made Sepud, and I Nyoman Sujana. “Hak-Hak Tersangka (Miranda Rule) Pada Tahap Penyidikan Dalam Kitab UU Hukum Acara Pidana.” Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 1, no. 1 (August 2020): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.1.1.2128.51-56.
Wing, Dakota. “‘It’s Just Like on TV’: An Analysis of the Mirandizing Process on TV.” Criminal Justice Review 50, no. 2 (June 2025): 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/07340168231196995.
Published
2026-05-31
How to Cite
KANIA, Dede; LUDIANA, Tia; HIDAYAT, Agi Attaubah.
The Right to Remain Silent vs. Defendant Statements: Examining Indonesia's New Criminal Procedure Code.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 2, p. 200-219, may 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/17777>. Date accessed: 13 june 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.2.17777.
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