Surrogate Mothers: A Radical Feminist Perspective and Regulation in Indonesia
Abstract
A surrogate mother is a woman who agrees to carry a child for a married couple in exchange for compensation. The practice of surrogacy occurs in various countries around the world, both openly and secretly. The purpose of this study is to analyze the practice of surrogate motherhood from the perspective of radical feminist theory and its regulation in Indonesian legislation. The method used is non-doctrinal, with primary data obtained from interviews with informants selected freely and secondary data. The findings of this paper show that radical feminism criticizes and rejects the practice of surrogacy, which is considered to create destructive divisions among women based on social and economic class. The regulation of surrogacy in Indonesian legislation includes the Health Law of 2009 (Amendment 2023), which has not yet been regulated, the MUI fatwa, which prohibits it, and civil law, which considers surrogacy agreements invalid. This article is expected to provide women with a perspective on the practice of surrogacy, which is not always a way out of economic problems, and on the fact that Indonesian legislation does not yet have a strong legal basis for regulating the practice of surrogacy. his study highlights the structural vulnerability experienced by surrogate mothers within patriarchal and capitalist frameworks. It also emphasizes the urgency of establishing clearer and more comprehensive legal regulations to ensure the protection of women’s rights and the legal status of children born through surrogacy practices in Indonesia.
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Malindi, Lintang Wistu. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother) Yang Mengikatkan Diri Dalam Perjanjian Sewa Rahim (Surogasi) Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan Ekonomi 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 36. https://doi.org/10.20961/hpe.v8i1.44286.
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Rahmadi, Darmawan, and Khairul Tri Anjani. “Hak Reproduksi Dalam Batasan Hukum: Analisis Normatif Terhadap Larangan Surogasi Di Indonesia.” Nusantara Hasana Journal 1, no. 7 (2024): 132–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59003/nhj.v5i5.1728.
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Wistu Malindi, Lintang. “Kedudukan Surogasi Dan Status Hukum Anak Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata Indonesia.” Jurnal Privat Law 9, no. 1 (2021): 124–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/privat.v9i1.28926.
Yanika Helena, Esra Labora, Abdul Rahman. “Teori Hukum Feminisme Dan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Perempuan Di Indonesia.” Judge: Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 4 (2024): 10–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54209/judge.v5i04.1044.
Yulia Putri, Cindy, and Sulhi M. Daud Abdul Kadir. “Perspektif Hukum Islam Terhadap Anak Yang Dilahirkan Melalui Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother).” Zaaken: Journal of Civil and Business Law 4, no. 2 (June 2023): 258–72. https://doi.org/10.22437/zaaken.v4i2.26051.
Zubaidah, Dwi Arini. “Surrogate Mothers in a Multidimensional Perspective of Legal Regulations in Indonesia.” Posita: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2024): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.52029/pjhki.v2i2.230.
Akangah, Rosaline, Amanda Debuo Der, Promise Emmanuel Sefogah, and John Ganle. “Socio-Ethical and Legal Issues Regarding Surrogacy in Ghana: A Qualitative Study.” Reproductive Health 22, no. 1 (October 2025): 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-025-02007-z.
Akbar, Muhammad, Muhammad Ali, and Dwi Pratiwi Markus. “Tinjauan Yuridis Perjanjian Sewa Rahim Ditinjau Dari Hukum Perdata.” Judge: Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 2 (2024): 109–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54209/judge.v5i02.650.
Ayu Rahayu, Dewi. “Surrogate Mother (Ibu Pengganti) Dalam Perspektif Hukum Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Panorama Hukum 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21067/jph.v7i1.6781.
Bahiyaturrohmah, Berliana. “Meretas Rantai Dilema Antara Hak Asasi Dan Komersialisasi Dalam Praktik Surrogate Mother.” Lembaga Kajian Keilmuan Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, 2022. https://lk2fhui.law.ui.ac.id/portfolio/meretas-rantai-dilema-antara-hak-asasi-dan-komersialisasi-dalam-praktik-surrogate-mother/.
Fadil, Cholid, and Muammar Alawi. “Feminisme Dalam Tasawuf; Sebuah Tinjauan Literature Review.” JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 6, no. 3 (March 2023): 1466–73. https://doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v6i3.1605.
Himçi, Blendi, and Aida Saraçi. “Surrogacy as a Legal Institution in Albania: An Analysis of the Draft Law ‘On Sexual and Reproductive Health.’” Multidisciplinary Science Journal 8, no. 1 (July 2025): 2026109. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026109.
Husna, Arinka Pinabiila, Sonny Dewi Judiasih, and Deviana Yuanitasari. “Surogasi Sebagai Alternatif Untuk Melanjutkan Keturunan Dihubungkan Dengan Undang-Undang Terkait.” Jurnal Hukum Dan HAM Wara Sains 4, no. 01 (February 2025): 118–36. https://doi.org/10.58812/jhhws.v4i01.1761.
I Wayan Suryadi, Yohanes, Ni Luh Made Mahendra Wati, I Wayan Wesna Astara, I Gusti Bagus Suryawan, and Johannes Ibrahim Kosasih. “The Legality of the Surrogate Mother Agreement Reviewed from Indonesian Civil Law.” Lex Publica 12, no. 1 (2025): 90–117. https://doi.org/10.58829/lp.12.1.2025.279.
Illahi, Nur Wahyu. “Hak Waris Anak Hasil Surogasi Dalam Dualisme Hukum Indonesia.” Al-Mawarid Jurnal Syari’ah & Hukum 6, no. 1 (2024): 35–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/mawarid.vol.6.iss1.art4.
Indraswara, Dede. “Rekonstruksi Metodologis Hukum : Diversifikasi Dan Integrasi Penelitian Hukum Normatif (Doktrinal), Empiris (Non- Doktrinal), Dan Studi Sosio-Legal.” IPMHI Law Journal 5, no. 2 (2025): 205–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15294/ipmhi.v5i2.41599.
Intan Pertiwi, Putri, Yopi Novanda, and Shakti Abdillah Pratama. “Analisis Feminisme Radikal Dan Eksistensialis Pada Film Penyalin Cahaya Karya Wregas Bhanuteja.” Biduk: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesiara Indonesia 1, no. 2 (January 30, 2024): 96–119. https://doi.org/10.30599/biduk.v1i2.723.
Jasmiarto, Dicky, and Achmad Ridwan. “Perempuan Fokus Berkarir Di Desa Gununggangsir Pasuruan Dalam Pandangan Feminisme Radikal.” Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora 14, no. 1 (April 22, 2025): 148–57. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish.v14i1.89803.
Junaidi, Najib, and Ahmad Musta’in Syafi’ie. “Penanaman Embrio Pada Rahim Istri Yang Lain (Analsis Kritis Terhadap Fatwa MUI Tentang Kehamilan Berbantu).” Jurnal Hukum Islam 17, no. 2 (2019): 191–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v17i2.2391.
Krestianto, Indra. “Perjanjian Surrogate Mother Di Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Aspek Syarat Sah Perjanjian.” Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Pembangunan Hukum 1, no. 2020 (3AD): 68–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25105/hpph.v3i1.17686.
Luthfia Rizky Amanda Tjoei, and Vika Jeny Putri Anastasya. “Teknologi Reproduksi: Bayi Tabung Dan Peran Rahim Pengganti.” Detector: Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan 2, no. 4 (October 2024): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.55606/detector.v2i4.4385.
Malindi, Lintang Wistu. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother) Yang Mengikatkan Diri Dalam Perjanjian Sewa Rahim (Surogasi) Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Pembangunan Ekonomi 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 36. https://doi.org/10.20961/hpe.v8i1.44286.
Martiana, Annisa Ayu. “Asas Kebebasan Berkontrak Dalam Perjanjian Surogasi Di Indonesia Dari Perspektif Hukum Perdata Dan Etika.” Perspektif Hukum 24, no. 2 (December 2, 2024): 269–90. https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v24i2.317.
Muri, Dewi Padusi Daeng. Surrogate Mother Dalam Pandangan Bioetika Sebagai Hak Reproduksi. Yogyakarta: Genta Publishing, 2024.
Ningrum, Wafa Suci. “Fenomena Keberhasilan Feminisme (Studi Gender Feminisme Liberal Dan Feminisme Radikal).” Familia: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 5, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.24239/familia.v5i1.197.
Pangaribuan, Aristo. “Metode Wawancara Dalam Penelitian Hukum Doktrinal Dan Sosio-Legal.” Undang: Jurnal Hukum 6, no. 2 (2023): 351–83. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.6.2.351-383.
Putera Semadi, Anak Agung Gde. “Paradigma Pendidikan Kritis Dalam Dimensi Kesadaran Kritis Dan Proses Dialogis Kritis.” Widya Accarya 13, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 209–23. https://doi.org/10.46650/wa.13.2.1327.209-223.
Putu Nita Yulistian, I Nyoman Putu Budiartha, and I Wayan Arthanaya. “Hak Waris Anak Yang Dilahirkan Melalui Perjanjian Surogasi.” Jurnal Interpretasi Hukum 2, no. 1 (March 2021): 200–206. https://doi.org/10.22225/juinhum.2.1.3104.200-206.
Rahmadi, Darmawan, and Khairul Tri Anjani. “Hak Reproduksi Dalam Batasan Hukum: Analisis Normatif Terhadap Larangan Surogasi Di Indonesia.” Nusantara Hasana Journal 1, no. 7 (2024): 132–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59003/nhj.v5i5.1728.
Rosa, Silvia, Nilma Suryani, Silvia Marni, Azmi Fitrisia, Lyonnie Olivia, and Rido Ilham. “Voices of Matriliny and Hidden Power: Reimagining Female Agency through Minangkabau Narratives in Kaba and Tambo.” Social Sciences & Humanities Open 13 (June 2026): 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102531.
Ruby Harland, Shanaz. “Hak Waris Anak Hasil Surogasi Menurut Peraturan Perundang–Undangan Di Indonesia.” Journal Evidence Of Law 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2023): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.59066/jel.v2i3.468.
Saniria Benu, and Andrian Wira Syahputra. “Teori Feminisme: Peran Perempuan Yang Bekerja Keras Dalam Keluarga Di Era Modern.” Wissen: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2025): 301–20. https://doi.org/10.62383/wissen.v3i1.622.
Sulistyawan, Aditya Yuli, Robiah Adawiyah, Shefia Ariesta Fernanda, and Adya Paramita Prabandari. “Kekerasan Seksual Dan Cara Berpakaian Perempuan: Telaah Filsafat Hukum Dalam Paradigma Critical Theory, Et. Al.” Jurnal Ius Constituendum 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 259–76. https://doi.org/10.26623/jic.v8i2.6093.
Wistu Malindi, Lintang. “Kedudukan Surogasi Dan Status Hukum Anak Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata Indonesia.” Jurnal Privat Law 9, no. 1 (2021): 124–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/privat.v9i1.28926.
Yanika Helena, Esra Labora, Abdul Rahman. “Teori Hukum Feminisme Dan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Perempuan Di Indonesia.” Judge: Jurnal Hukum 5, no. 4 (2024): 10–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54209/judge.v5i04.1044.
Yulia Putri, Cindy, and Sulhi M. Daud Abdul Kadir. “Perspektif Hukum Islam Terhadap Anak Yang Dilahirkan Melalui Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother).” Zaaken: Journal of Civil and Business Law 4, no. 2 (June 2023): 258–72. https://doi.org/10.22437/zaaken.v4i2.26051.
Zubaidah, Dwi Arini. “Surrogate Mothers in a Multidimensional Perspective of Legal Regulations in Indonesia.” Posita: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2024): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.52029/pjhki.v2i2.230.
Published
2026-02-28
How to Cite
SALAMOR, Anna Maria; PURWANTI, Ani; CAHYANINGTYAS, Irma.
Surrogate Mothers: A Radical Feminist Perspective and Regulation in Indonesia.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 77-92, feb. 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/17742>. Date accessed: 20 mar. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.1.17742.
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