Deterrent Effect and Human Rights: A Critical Analysis of Chemical Castration Implementation in Child Protection Law
Abstract
Sexual violence against children is an extraordinary crime that demands firm legal enforcement to ensure both deterrence and protection for victims. To address this issue, the Indonesian government introduced chemical castration through Government Regulation in Lieu of Lieu of Law (Perppu) Number 1 of 2016 as an additional sanction for perpetrators of sexual violence against children. This study critically examines the implementation of chemical castration in Indonesia by highlighting the legal framework and the tension between deterrence and the protection of human rights. The analysis draws on relevant legislation, criminal law concepts, and selected court decisions to evaluate the policy’s practical and ethical challenges. The findings reveal that chemical castration has not been an effective deterrent due to the absence of technical implementation guidelines and objections from medical professionals, particularly the Indonesian Medical Association (IDI), based on professional ethics. These obstacles have weakened both deterrence and rehabilitation efforts, creating ethical and legal dilemmas in their enforcement. Therefore, a policy reformulation is necessary by positioning chemical castration within a double-track system that integrates punishment and rehabilitation to achieve a balanced approach between deterrence, offender recovery, and human rights protection. Future implementation should be supported by clear procedural standards, inter-agency coordination, and ethical oversight to ensure that the policy aligns with the principles of justice and human dignity.
References
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Çöpür, Mazlum, and Sidar Çöpür. “Chemical Castration as an Evolving Concept: Is It a Possible Solution for Sexual Offences?” The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 32, no. 2 (March 2021): 326–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2020.1849359.
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Hutapea, Messy Rachel Mariana. “Penerapan Hukuman Tindakan Kebiri Kimia Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal Hukum Magnum Opus 3, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 26–34. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhmo.v3i1.2931.
Ikhsan, Khoirul, and Sudirman Suparmin. “Journal Equity of Law and The Implementation of Chemical Castration for Pedophilia Offenders in The Review of Law No . 17 Of 2016 And Islamic Criminal Law” 5, no. 2 (2023): 74–80.
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———. “Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kebiri Kimia Terhadap Pelaku Kejahatan Seksual Anak Di Indonesia [Effectiveness of the Implementation of Chemical Castration for Perpetrators of Sexual Abuse of Children in Indonesia].” Jurnal Hukum Visio Justisia 2, no. 1 (August 2022): 30–38. https://doi.org/10.19166/vj.v2i1.4834.
Jafar, Muhammad, and Karimuddin Abdullah Lawang. “Chemical Castration Punishment in the Perspective of Government Regulation Number 1 of 2016 on Child Protection and Islamic Criminal Law.” Pranata Hukum 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 55–67. https://doi.org/10.36448/pranatahukum.v19i1.335.
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———. “Reformulasi Eksekusi Kebiri Kimia Guna Menjamin Kepastian Hukum Bagi Tenaga Medis/Dokter Dan Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pelaku Pedophilia.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 345–66. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol27.iss2.art7.
Kemala, Aldila Puspa, and Patricia Rinwigati. “Problematika Pidana Kebiri Kimia (Chemical Castration) Berdasarkan Perspektif Konvensi Menentang Penyiksaan.” SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I 10, no. 3 (July 2023): 949–60. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v10i3.32580.
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———. “Laporan Tahunan KPAI: Jalan Terjal Perlindungan Anak Ancaman Serius Generasi Emas Indonesia.” Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. Jakarta, 2024.
Komnas HAM. “Keterangan Pers Komnas HAM Hukuman Kebiri Bagi Pelaku Kejahatan Seksual.” Komnas HAM, 2016, 4–5.
Kompas.com. “Menteri PPPA: Anak‑anak Paling Banyak Alami Kekerasan Seksual.” kompas.com, 2021.
Koo, Kyo Chul, Geum Sook Shim, Hyoun Hee Park, Koon Ho Rha, Young Deuk Choi, Byung Ha Chung, Sung Joon Hong, and Jae Woo Lee. “Treatment Outcomes of Chemical Castration on Korean Sex Offenders.” Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 20, no. 6 (August 2013): 563–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2013.06.003.
Landgren, Valdemar, Kinda Malki, Matteo Bottai, Stefan Arver, and Christoffer Rahm. “Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Risk of Committing Child Sexual Abuse in Men With Pedophilic Disorder.” JAMA Psychiatry 77, no. 9 (September 2020): 897. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0440.
Lee, Joo Yong, and Kang Su Cho. “Chemical Castration for Sexual Offenders: Physicians’ Views.” Journal of Korean Medical Science 28, no. 2 (2013): 171. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171.
Mamudji, Soerjono Soekanto & Sri. Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003.
Mangesti, Y A, and S Suhartono. “Chemical Castration Sanctions in an Ethical Perspective.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana …, no. 17 (2022): 507–23. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i03.p03.I.
Mardiya, Nuzul Qur’aini. “Penerapan Hukuman Kebiri Kimia Bagi Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual.” Jurnal Konstitusi 14, no. 1 (July 2017): 213. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk14110.
Muhammad Bagus Adi Wicaksono, and Itok Dwi Kurniawan. “Review of the Professional Ethics of Doctors as Chemical Castration Sanctions in Indonesia.” Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 16, no. 1 (November 2021): 825–30. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v16i1.17603.
Mustofa, Muhammad. Metodologi Penelitian Kriminologi. 3rd ed. Jakarta: Prenada Media, 2015.
Nalle, Victor Imanuel W. “Studi Sosio-Legal Terhadap Ketertiban Dan Ketentraman Di Kabupaten Sidoarjo.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2016): 383. https://doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol46.no3.94.
Radiyati Pratiwi, Fakhri Rizki Zaenudin. “Analisis Sanksi Kebiri Kimia Bagi Pelaku Kejahatan Seksual Terhadap Anak Dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2016 Sebagai Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 11, no. 5 (2025): 272–84.
Rahman, Abdul. “Tindakan Penolakan Dokter Dalam Melaksanakan Kebiri Kimia Sebagai Pidana Tambahan.” Jurnal Ilmu Hukum: ALETHEA 8, no. 1 (August 30, 2024): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.24246/alethea.vol8.no1.p37-52.
Ramadhani, Gita Santika, Barda Nawawi Arief, and Purwoto Purwoto. “Sistem Pidana Dan Tindakan ‘Double Track System’ Dalam Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia.” Diponegoro Law Journal 1, no. 4 (2012): 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/dlj.2012.612.
Ratkoceri, Vedije. “Chemical Castration of Child Molesters – Right or Wrong?!” European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 1 (June 2017): 70. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i1.p70-76.
Ristanti, Enny. “Efektivitas Hukuman Kebiri Kimia Untuk Pelaku Kejahatan Seksual Terhadap Anak (Studi Pengadilan Negeri Mojokerto).” Bhirawa Law Journal 3, no. 1 (May 2022): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.26905/blj.v3i1.7957.
Rudijanto, M. N., Rasji, R., & Aurelia, J. “Pemikiran Filsafat Hukum Tentang Keseimbangan Kebebasan Individu Dan Keamanan Nasional Dalam Hak Asasi Manusia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 10, no. 8 (2024): 823–37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11118716.
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———. “Reconstruction of Chemical Castration Sanctions Implementation Based on the Medical Ethics Code (Comparison with Russia and South Korea).” Lex Scientia Law Review 7, no. 1 (May 30, 2023): 61–118. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v7i1.64143.
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Published
2025-10-19
How to Cite
PURNOMO, Arie et al.
Deterrent Effect and Human Rights: A Critical Analysis of Chemical Castration Implementation in Child Protection Law.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 25, n. 3, p. 259–278, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/17722>. Date accessed: 03 nov. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2025.25.3.17722.
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