Unraveling the Darkness of Raja Ampat: A Neglected Criminal Justice System
Abstract
This study examines the complex challenges confronting Raja Ampat, a globally significant region renowned its extraordinary marine biodiversity and rich cultural heritage, through the lens of an integrated criminal justice system. Raja Ampat is increasingly imperiled by illegal activities, including unregulated nickel mining and environmental exploitation, which threaten both ecological integrity and social well-being. Utilizing a normative legal methodology with statue and conceptual analysis, this research critically evaluates the current application of justice mechanisms involving law enforcement, judicial institutions, correctional services, and community participation. The study reveals critical systemic weaknesses, including fragmented legal authorities, poor coordination with local communities, and inadequate policy integration, that perpetuate illegal practices and social conflicts. Importantly, this study emphasizes the need to harmonize environmental regulations with criminal law frameworks to establish stronger deterrents against ecological crimes. Beyond its regional focus, this study contributes to the international discourse on ecological governance and criminal justice by providing a replicable model of integrated legal frameworks that balance ecological conservation with community empowerment. The findings provide actionable insights for global policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and civil society organizations seeking to enhance justice systems as effective instruments for sustainable development and social equity. Ultimately, this study advocates for a collaborative and comprehensive approach to justice system that aligns enforcement mechanisms with global sustainability goals, thereby supporting the preservation of biodiversity hotspots worldwide.
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Madjid, A, and M Istiqomah. “Restorative Justice: A Suitable Response to Environmental Crime in Indonesia?” Krytyka Prawa 15, no. 3 (2023): 86–100. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.622.
Maimanah, M. Fahmi Al-Amruzy, Siti Faridah, and Arni. “Delay in the Division of Inheritance: A Theoretical Review Within Legal System Framework in Indonesia.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 24, no. 1 (2024): 241–57. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v24i1.12916.
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Nasution, Aditya Kurniawan. “Environmental Conflict Communication PBNU and Activist Perspectives on Mining in Raja Ampat: A Discourse Analysis of the ROSI Kompas TV Broadcast.” International Journal of Environmental Communication (ENVICOMM) 3, no. 1 (2025): 57–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35814/envicomm.v3i1.8880.
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Ramadhani, Rahmat. “Legal Protection for Land Rights Holders Who Are Victims of the Land Mafia.” International Journal Reglement & Society (IJRS 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.55357/ijrs.v2i2.114.
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Saputra, Eka Yudha. “Pemerintah Cabut 4 Izin Usaha Tambang Di Raja Ampat,” 2025.
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Slavny-Cross, Rachel, Carrie Allison, Sarah Griffiths, and Simon Baron-Cohen. “Are Autistic People Disadvantaged by The Criminal Justice System? A Case Comparison.” Autism 27, no. 5 (2023): 1438–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177.
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Tegnan, Hilaire, Lego Karjoko, Jaco Barkhuizen, and Anis H. Bajrektarevic. “Mining Corruption and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: Critical Legal Issues.” Bestuur 9, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 90. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55219.
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———. “Exploring the Interconnectedness Between Public Administration, Legislative Systems, and Criminal Justice: A Comparative Analysis of Malaysia and Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 18, no. 1 (2023): 172–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756211.
Atmadja, I Dewa Gede, and Ketut Adi Wirawan. “Legal Principles in Legal System.” In International Conference on “Changing of Law: Business Law, Local Wisdom and Tourism Industry”(ICCLB 2023), 583–90, 2023.
Berezhnyy, O V. “Evolution of Normative and Legal Definition Concept of Licensing.” Social Law, no. 2 (2024): 72–79.
Bosio, Erica, Simeon Djankov, Edward Glaeser, and Andrei Shleifer. “Public Procurement in Law and Practice.” American Economic Review 112, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 1091–1117. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200738.
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Cozzubo, Angelo, Elard Amaya, and Juan Cueto. “The Social Costs of Crime: The Erosion of Trust Between Citizens and Public Institutions.” Economics of Governance 22, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 93–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-021-00251-0.
Davenport, Mark J. “Enhancing Legal Document Analysis with Large Language Models: A Structured Approach to Accuracy, Context Preservation, and Risk Mitigation.” Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 15, no. 2 (2025): 232–80.
Ginanjar, Raden Putri Alpadillah. “Dampak Tambang Nikel Di Raja Ampat Versi Greenpeace.” Tempo, 2025.
Haryadi, Lilik, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Sapto Hermawan. “Legal Protection for Communities Affected by Nickel Mine Exploitation Amidst Increased Exploration for Electric Battery Needs.” In International Conference On Law, Economic \& Good Governance (IC-LAW 2023), 68–76, 2024.
Higgins-Desbiolles, Freya, Lynda-Ann Blanchard, and Yoko Urbain. “Peace Through Tourism: Critical Reflections on the Intersections Between Peace, Justice, Sustainable Development and Tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 30, no. 2–3 (2022): 335–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080.
Indonesia, Greenpeace. “Kritik Industrialisasi Nikel, Aktivis Greenpeace Gelar Aksi Di Konferensi Nikel Internasional Di Jakarta,” 2025.
Irsyad, M. “Hukum Dan Penyelesaian Konflik Hukum.” De Lega Lata: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (2021): 389–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30596/dll.v6i2.7836.
Kovalenko, Vitaliy, Yuliia Komarynska, Mykhaylo Klymchuk, Oleksandr Pavluk, and Tetiana Korshykova. “International and National Mechanisms Combating Ecosystems’ Damage and Environmental Crimes to Foster Sustainable Development.” Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2024): 63–82. https://doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.070203.
Kozhevnikov, V. V. “The Structure of Logical, Prescriptive and Specialized Legal Norms.” Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 45–61. https://doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(2).45-61.
Kumaraswamy, Mohan M. “Conflicts, Claims and Disputes in Construction.” Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-232X.1997.00087.x.
Lissitzyn, Oliver J. “Treaties and Changed Circumstances ( Rebus Sic Stantibus ).” American Journal of International Law 61, no. 4 (October 1967): 895–922. https://doi.org/10.2307/2197343.
Lubis, Mhd Teguh Syuhada, Rayani Saragih, Ida Hanifah, Ismail Koto, and John Tumba Jacob. “The Criminal Law Policy on the General Election System in Indonesia.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 23, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 587. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2023.23.3.3782.
Madjid, A, and M Istiqomah. “Restorative Justice: A Suitable Response to Environmental Crime in Indonesia?” Krytyka Prawa 15, no. 3 (2023): 86–100. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.622.
Maimanah, M. Fahmi Al-Amruzy, Siti Faridah, and Arni. “Delay in the Division of Inheritance: A Theoretical Review Within Legal System Framework in Indonesia.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran 24, no. 1 (2024): 241–57. https://doi.org/10.18592/sjhp.v24i1.12916.
Maspul, Kurniawan Arif. “Sacrificing Paradise: Indonesia’s Green Energy Ambitions and the Future of Raja Ampat.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Sustainability 2, no. 3 (June 11, 2025): 22. https://doi.org/10.47134/jees.v2i3.711.
Maulia, Rafika Farah, Andreas Alfonsus Sahat, Firli W. Wahyuputri, and Arifa Tariqa Imani. “Raja Ampat Dalam Bayang-Bayang Tambang: Haruskah Dilanjutkan?,” 2025.
McKeown, Maeve. “Structural Injustice.” Philosophy Compass 16, no. 7 (2021): e12757.
Mueller-Smith, Michael, and Kevin T. Schnepel. “Diversion in the Criminal Justice System.” The Review of Economic Studies 88, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 883–936. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdaa030.
Muhammad, Rusjdi Ali. “Upaya Perdamaian Untuk Penyelesaiakan Perkara Pidana Reaktualisasi Kearifan Lokal Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia.” LEGITIMASI: Jurnal Hukum Pidana Dan Politik Hukum 10, no. 2 (November 2021): 171. https://doi.org/10.22373/legitimasi.v10i2.11339.
Murray, Adam Russell. “Overlap, Overdetermination, and the Necessity of Origin.” Asian Journal of Philosophy 4, no. 46 (2025). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s44204-025-00257-z.
Mustafa, Annisa Fitri. “Konflik Tambang Emas Sulawesi Utara: Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin (PETI).” Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2024). https://doi.org/10.61511/pips.v1i1.2024.571.
Nasution, Aditya Kurniawan. “Environmental Conflict Communication PBNU and Activist Perspectives on Mining in Raja Ampat: A Discourse Analysis of the ROSI Kompas TV Broadcast.” International Journal of Environmental Communication (ENVICOMM) 3, no. 1 (2025): 57–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35814/envicomm.v3i1.8880.
Negara, Tunggul Ansari Setia. “Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Originis and Approaches.” Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ) 4, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v4i1.24855.
Nuraini, Nuraini, Arif Satria, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, and Dietriech Geoffrey Bengen. “Access Justice And Strengthening The Institutional Performance Of Marine Ecotourism Management In Raja Ampat, Indonesia.” Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 16, no. 8 (December 2021): 268–88. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.12.020.
Oyeyipo, Eyitayo Joseph, Isaac Akintoyese Oyekola, Oluwaseyi Pius Salako, and Oluwole Samson Babatunde. “Understanding the Importance of Inclusive Techniques in Promoting Peace and Equal Justice.” In Sustainable Development Goals, 291–301. CRC Press, 2024.
Purnama, Indra. “Profil PT Gag Nikel Di Pulau Gag Yang Diperbolehkan Terus Beroperasi,” 2025.
Ramadhani, Rahmat. “Legal Protection for Land Rights Holders Who Are Victims of the Land Mafia.” International Journal Reglement & Society (IJRS 2, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.55357/ijrs.v2i2.114.
Sakti Koeswanto, Eka, Riswandi Riswandi, and Ahmad Redi. “Implications of Public Trust Due to Weak Law Enforcement Morality.” Edunity Kajian Ilmu Sosial Dan Pendidikan 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 78–86. https://doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v1i05.39.
Saputra, Eka Yudha. “Pemerintah Cabut 4 Izin Usaha Tambang Di Raja Ampat,” 2025.
Siallagan, Zen L, Conni M Sidabalok, Muhammad M Islami, Nova Mujiono, Simon P Wilson, and Joko Pamungkas. “Why Many Indonesian Marine Species Remain Undescribed: A Case Study Using Polychaete Species Discovery.” Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 (2023).
Slavny-Cross, Rachel, Carrie Allison, Sarah Griffiths, and Simon Baron-Cohen. “Are Autistic People Disadvantaged by The Criminal Justice System? A Case Comparison.” Autism 27, no. 5 (2023): 1438–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177.
Suwarti, Suwarti, Decha Khunmay, and Stepan Abannokovya. “Conflicts Occurring Due to the Application of Different Legal Inheritance Systems in Indonesia.” Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 30, no. 2 (September 18, 2022): 214–27. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i2.21020.
Tamanaha, Brian Z. Legal Pluralism Explained. Oxford University PressNew York, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861551.001.0001.
Tegnan, Hilaire, Lego Karjoko, Jaco Barkhuizen, and Anis H. Bajrektarevic. “Mining Corruption and Environmental Degradation in Indonesia: Critical Legal Issues.” Bestuur 9, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 90. https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v9i2.55219.
Vico, Nanda, Sofi Ayu Anggraini, Arif Himawan Saputra, Ade Caesar Premadani, Predderics Hockop Simanjuntak, Qurrotun Imamah, Bambang Ahmad Firdaus Sam, and Mohammad Heri. “Eskalasi Hukum Dan Politik Dalam Revisi Undang-Undang Mineral Dan Batu Bara.” Ranah Research: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2025): 1495–1512. https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i3.1295.
Wahyudi, Eka Gusnetta Putri, and Nur Afni Manullang. “Analisis Upaya Perlindungan Hukum Masyarakat Adat Di Daerah Pertambangan (Studi Kasus PT Agincourt Resources).” Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan 10, no. 24.2 (2024): 301–7.
Wardhani, Lita Tyesta Addy Listya, Muhammad Dzikirullah H. Noho, and Aga Natalis. “The Adoption of Various Legal Systems In Indonesia: An Effort to Initiate the Prismatic Mixed Legal Systems.” Cogent Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2104710.
Wijayanti, Sri, Zeti Nofita Sari, Safrin Salam, and Arif Ananda Firdaus. “Norm Clash in Lex Superior Derogate Legi Inferiori Principle’s Implementation on Circular Letters and Laws.” Reformasi Hukum 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2024): 234–50. https://doi.org/10.46257/jrh.v28i3.732.
Published
2025-10-19
How to Cite
HERNANTO, Tjoetjoe Sandjaja; ALAN, Muhammad Fikri; ARUMBINANG, Mohammad Hazyar.
Unraveling the Darkness of Raja Ampat: A Neglected Criminal Justice System.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 25, n. 3, p. 220–236, oct. 2025.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/16682>. Date accessed: 03 nov. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2025.25.3.16682.
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