Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Criminal Liability: The Indonesian and Malaysian Approaches to Defence of Infancy
Abstract
The minimum age at which children can be held criminally liable is a central issue in juvenile criminal justice because it reflects how the law defines childhood, liability, and the state’s obligations toward child offenders. This study examines how Indonesia and Malaysia design and apply the defence of infancy and how these choices influence the treatment of children in conflict with the law. The study aims to analyse the conceptual foundations, mechanisms, and practical consequences of the minimum age for establishing criminal liability in both jurisdictions. This study relies entirely on secondary data drawn from legislation, judicial decisions, academic literature, and official documents. Indonesian materials include the Juvenile Justice System Law of 2012 and several illustrative judgments, such as Decision Number 23/Pid.Sus-Anak/2025/PN Lbp, Decision Number 127/Pid.Sus/2012/PN.Bi, and Decision Number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2022/PN.Sbr. Malaysian sources include the Child Act of 2001, the Malaysian Penal Code, and case law such as Child v Public Prosecutor [2020] MLJU 13944. The findings show that Indonesia adopts a fixed statutory minimum age of twelve accompanied by diversion and restorative justice mechanisms, while Malaysia applies the doctrine of doli incapax, granting absolute immunity to children under ten and a rebuttable presumption for those aged ten to twelve, with greater reliance on institutional rehabilitation. These differences shape how liability is assessed and how children are processed, rehabilitated, and reintegrated into society. Based on these observations, the study suggests that Malaysia could benefit from expanding restorative practices, while Indonesia requires stronger and more consistent implementation of its existing restorative framework.
References
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Azman, Azlinda, and Mohd Taufik bin Mohammad. “Crime Victims Support System and Restorative Justice: Possible Implementation in Malaysia.” Journal of Arts and Humanities 1, no. 2 (2012): 18–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v1i2.115.
Baidawi, Susan, Rubini Ball, Rosemary Sheehan, and Nina Papalia. “Children Aged 10 to 13 in the Justice System: Characteristics, Alleged Offending and Legal Outcomes.” In Criminology Research Grant, 2024. https://doi.org/10.52922/crg77185.
Chamdani, Nobella Indradjaja, and Febrina Nurhandy. “Diversion As the Case Resolution for Children in Conflict With the Law Within the Perspective of Legal Psychology.” Awang Long Law Review 6, no. 2 (2024): 478–82. https://doi.org/10.56301/awl.v6i2.1199.
Delmage, Enys. “The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Medico-Legal Perspective.” Youth Justice 13, no. 2 (2021): 102–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225413492053.
Direktorat Jenderal Badan Peradilan Umum. “Infografis Anak Berhadapan Dengan Hukum,” 2025.
Fadhilah, Farah, and Muhammad Ya’kub Aiyub Kadir. “Right to Education of Children in Conflict with The Law at Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Class II Jakarta, Indonesia.” Student Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (2021): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.24815/sjil.v1i2.19275.
Ferdousi, Nahid, and Raihanah Abdullah. “Child Protection and Juvenile Justice: Legal Issues in Bangladesh and Malaysia.” Journal of Legal Studies 15, no. II (2024): 529–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32890/uumjls2024.15.2.6.
Fikri, Rahul Ardian. “The Implementation of Restorative Justice for the Criminal Action of Accident against Child Based On Regulation of the State Police of the Republic Of Indonesia Number 8 Year 2021.” Legal Brief 11, no. 1 (2021): 306–13.
Fitz-Gibbon, Kate, and Wendy O’Brien. “A Child’s Capacity to Commit Crime: Examining the Operation of Doli Incapax in Victoria (Australia).” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 8, no. 1 (2019): 18–33. https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v8i1.1047.
Haines, Kevin, Stephen Case, Roger Smith, Karen Joe Laidler, Nathan Hughes, Colin Webster, Tim Goddard, et al. “Children and Crime: In the Moment.” Youth Justice 21, no. 3 (2021): 275–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225420923762.
Hamer, David, and Thomas Crofts. “The Logic and Value of the Presumption Incapacity Defence ).” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 43, no. 3 (2023): 546–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqad010.
Ikhsan, Muhammad Izwan, Daleleer Kaur Randawar, Ahmad Ridwan Abd Rani, Syuhaeda Aeni Mat Ali, and Shirin Shubashini Ramaiah. “Parental Liability Law in Malaysia for Children ’ s Misconduct : A Legal Overview.” International Journal of Religion 3538, no. 4 (2024): 179–92. https://doi.org/10.61707/d2d7e789.
Kementerian Ekonomi Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia (DOSM). “Children Statistics Malaysia 2025,” 2025.
Khairunnisa, Dwi; Mahfud. “Criminal Juvenile Liabilities Under Indonesian Laws and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: An Analysis.” Student Journal of International 03, no. 2 (2023): 108–19. https://doi.org/10.24815/sjil.v3i2.28079.
Kossay, Methodius, Nur Amannah Dalimunteh, and Abdul Romadon Sitompul. “The Effectiveness of Juvenile Diversion in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines: A Comparative Study of ASEAN Justice Systems.” Perkara : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik 3, no. 2 (2025): 908–24. https://doi.org/10.51903/v2thtn98.
Kurniawan, Itok Dwi. “The Implementation of Restorative Justice for Children Who Commit Crimes from the Perspective of National Law and the Qanun Jināyat” 11, no. 2 (2024): 2477–0280. https://doi.org/10.24952/multidisipliner.v11i2.13360.
Mazlan, Norshamimi Mohd, and Aminuddin Mustaffa. “The Malaysian Juvenile Justice System: The Compelling Need to Implement Diversion in Handling The Issue of Juvenile Delinquency.” International Journal of Law, Policy and Social Review 4, no. 1 (2022): 16–23.
Mujiaka, Dita. “Juridical Overview of the Process of Proving Crimes Committed by Children According to Law Number 11 of 2012 Concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (Case Study Decision Number: 9/Pid.Sus- Anak/2019/Pn.Slw).” Journal of Law Science 4, no. 2 (2022): 58–71. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v4i2.2229.
Muzakir, Kahar. “Children’s Rights to Justice and Restorative Diversion in Terms of Effectiveness.” Jurnal Ekonomi Akuntansi Manajemen Agribisnis 1, no. 1 (2023): 33–40. https://doi.org/10.58222/jurekma.v1i1.144.
Nur, Sharifah, Ilham Binti, Syed Ali, Nur Adriana, Batrisyia Binti, Azrul Hairi, Muhammad Arif, and Bin Sodin. “Doli Incapax : The Relevancy of Section 113 of the Evidence Act 1950 Relating to Child Rape in Malaysia.” International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Science 14, no. 10 (2024): 74–97. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v14-i10/22872.
Nurhalija, Nadia, Mohammad Ekaputra, and Wessy Trisna. “Analisis Yuridis Sanksi Pidana Anak Yang Melakukan Tindak Pidana Pengeroyokan Yang Mengakibatkan Kematian (Studi Putusan: 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2022/PN.Sbr Dan Studi Putusan: 4/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN.Bjm).” Unes Journal of Swara Justisia 9, no. 2 (2025): 279–87. https://doi.org/10.31933/vvac6r50.
Oktaviani, Adelia, Satrio Fajar Romadhon, and Muhammad Rusli Arafat. “Comparison of Juvenile Justice Systems in Indonesia and South Korea.” Tirtayasa Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.51825/tjil.v2i1.17774.
Ottenhof, Reynald. “Criminal Resposibility of Minors In National and International Legal Order.” International Review of Penal Law 75, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.723.0669.
Pasaribu, Francisco Lundu Hesekhel, Siti Marwiyah, Wahyu Prawesthi, and Bachrul Maiq. “Keadilan Restoratif Pada Tingkat Penyidikan Bagi Pecandu Narkotika Dan Korban Penyalahguna Narkotika.” Court Review: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum 4, no. 1 (2024): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.69957/cr.v4i03.1509.
Rachmanto, Evan Ferdiyan. “Legal Protection for Children as Victims of Violence.” Journal of Law and Legal Reform 2, no. 4 (2021): 515–26. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v2i4.48758.
Rahim, Anita Abdul, Tengku Noor Aziratengkuzainudin, Ramalinggam Rajamanickam, Mohamad Afiq, and Taqiudin Roslant. “School Students Committing Crime: The Position under the Malaysian Criminal Law.” GlobalIlluminators 1 (2022): 542–49.
Rahman, Faiz. “Contextualizing Restorative Justice Through Diversion Mechanism: A Study of Indonesia’S Juvenile Justice System.” Indonesia Law Review 9, no. 3 (2020): 241–58. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v9n3.584.
Rahmat, Diding. “Legal Protection Against Children of Criminal Offenses Through The Implementation of Diversion in Indonesia.” Lex Laguens: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan 2 (2024): 54–65. https://doi.org/10.08221/lexlaguens.v2i2.66.
Randawar, Daleleer Kaur, Muhammad Izwan Ikhsan, Ahmad Ridwan Abd Rani, Syuhaeda Aeni Mat Ali, and Shirin Shubashini Ramaiah. “Prevention over Punishment : Restoring Hope through Malaysian Child Act 2001.” International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) IX, no. 2454 (2025): 857–67. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.
Ridwansyah, Nafal Nabil, and Beniharmoni Harefa. “Criminal Justice System for Children Perpetrators of Murder Between Indonesia and Malaysia.” RechtIdee 15, no. 1 (2024): 37–48. https://doi.org/10.21107/ri.v19i2.
Ruing, Emanuel Lukas Sanga. “Pemenuhan Hak Rekreasional Terhadap Narapidana Anak Di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Kelas I Medan.” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH) No.2, no. 11 (2022): 746–58. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v8i2.48291.
Sahid, Mualimin Mochammad, Titin Samsudin, Nik Rahim Nik Wajis, and Nurliyana Shahira Baharli. “Hak Terhadap Pendidikan Bagi Pesalah Kanak-Kanak: Kajian Di Sekolah Henry Gurney, Melaka.” Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law 12, no. 3 (2024): 609–19. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjsl.vol12no3.447.
Singh Moriya, Vinay, and Preeti Chaudhary. “Defence of Infancy and Status of Juvinile.” Manupatra Articles, 2022.
Stasi, Alessandro. General Principles of Thai Criminal Law. General Principles of Thai Criminal Law, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8708-5.
Taufiqurahman, Farhan, Handar Subhandi Bakhtiar, Universitas Pembangunan, and Nasional Veteran. “Juvenile Justice Criminal Law Policy Between Indonesia and Malaysia : A Comparison.” Ius Comparatum: Journal of Law Studies 1, no. 2 (2025): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.35586/icjls.v1i2.
Team, Wex Definitions. “Infancy.” Cornell Law School, 2023.
UNICEF. “Justice for Children,” 2026.
Wong, Aaron H.L. “Can Lowering the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility Be Justified? A Critical Review of China’s Recent Amendment.” Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 63, no. 1 (2024): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12543.
Yasin, Bukhari, H. M Yasir, and Alfian Yulianto. “Penerapan Restorative Justice Dalam Perkara Persetubuhan Terhadap Anak Yang Berakhir Dengan Perkawinan.” Legal Standing Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, no. 1 (2024): 2580–3883. https://doi.org/10.24269/ls.v8i3a.10811.
Published
2026-01-01
How to Cite
SUSILA, Muh Endriyo; DEVTY, Stephanie.
Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Criminal Liability: The Indonesian and Malaysian Approaches to Defence of Infancy.
Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, [S.l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 1-19, jan. 2026.
ISSN 2407-6562.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/jdh/article/view/16062>. Date accessed: 26 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2026.26.1.16062.
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