Medicinal plants as potential anti-cholesterol agents: a narrative review of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico evidence
Abstract
Background: Hypercholesterolaemia is a major cardiovascular risk factor commonly managed with statins, which are frequently associated with hepatotoxicity, myopathy, and new-onset diabetes mellitus, driving interest in medicinal plants as natural alternatives.
Objective: This review aimed to identify medicinal plants with demonstrated or predicted anti-cholesterol activity, specifying plant species, plant parts, and evidence from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies.
Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Original articles published between 2014 and 2024 were retrieved from Google Scholar, Google, and PubMed. Review articles and studies unavailable in full text were excluded.
Results: Nineteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Fourteen medicinal plants demonstrated cholesterol-lowering activity in in vivo and in vitro studies. Five plants were assessed in silico; quercetin-type flavonoids from karamunting, sweet orange, and soursop showed binding free energies more favourable than statin controls against HMG-CoA reductase, while butterfly pea and water clover compounds did not surpass their controls.
Conclusion: Extracts from kirinyuh, ceremai, and ketapang achieved notable cholesterol reductions at low effective doses in animal models. Green kiwi fruit extract showed the greatest in vitro potency (EC50 = 7.3 ppm). In silico findings are preliminary and require experimental validation. Further research should isolate active compounds and evaluate efficacy through clinical studies in humans.
References
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2. Sari RA. Penatalaksanaan pada Wanita Usia 47 Tahun dengan Hiperkolestrolemia melalui Pendekatan Kedokteran Keluarga. Journal of Health Science and Physiotherapy. 2022;4: 44–56. https://jurnal.stikes-sitihajar.ac.id/index.php/jhsp/indexhttp://u.lipi.go.id/1546917344.
3. Karwiti W, Fitriana E, Mustopa R, Siregar S. Deteksi Dini dan Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Kolesterol di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Depati VII Kabupaten Kerinci. Jurnal Abdikemas. 2022;4: 82–88. https://doi.org./10.36086/j.abdikemas.v4i2.
4. Fatmawati V, Lestari TP, Maghfiroh IL, Kalimah S. Hubungan Manajemen Hiperkolesterolemia dengan Kadar Kolesterol di Desa Deket Wetan Kecamatan Deket Kabupaten Lamongan. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan. 2024;10: 533–540. https://doi.org/10.33023/jikep.v10i3.2298.
5. Kemenkes RI. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2018.
6. Oktavelia W, Kusuma SAF. Therapy for Dyslipidemia: Plant Inhibitors of HMG-CoA Reductase. Indonesian Journal of Biological Pharmacy. 2022;2: 159–170. https://doi.org/10.24198/ijbp.v2i3.41376.
7. Mahwal I, Untari EK, Nurmainah. Perbandingan Statin Terhadap Kejadian Efek Samping Terkait Myalgia. Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan. 2022;4: 147–154. https://doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v4i2.906.
8. Arfania M, Mangunsong DT, Hamjah R, Fariza W. Efektivitas Terapi Obat Golongan Statin Terhadap Pasien Dislipidemia. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan. 2023;9: 550–554. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8251366.
9. Hijriani BI, Atfal B, Kodariah L, Hadiatun N, Ismatullah NK. Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) Dalam Mencegah Kenaikan Kadar Kolesterol LDL Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Diinduksi Kuning Telur Puyuh. Jurnal Kesehatan Rajawali. 2023;13: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.54350/jkr.v13i1.156.
10. Lestari D, Koneri R, Maabuat PV. Keanekaragaman dan Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat pada Pekarangan di Dumoga Utara, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara. J Bios Logos. 2021;11: 82. https://doi.org/10.35799/jbl.11.2.2021.32017.
11. Koban IYR, Klau ME, Rame MMT. Uji Aktivitas Antihiperkolesterolemia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena Odorata L.) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus Norvegicus L.) Jantan Yang Diinduksi Diet Lemak Tinggi. CHMK Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal. 2019;2: 73–82.
12. Nuralifah, Wahyuni, Parawansah, Shintia UD. Uji Aktivitas Antihiperlipidemia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Notika (Arcboldiodendron calosericeum Kobuski) terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar. Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research. 2020;2: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v2i1.2704.
13. Maharadingga, Pahriyani A, Arista D. Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol 70% Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) pada Hamster Syrian Jantan Hiperglikemia dan Hiperkolesterolemia dengan Parameter Pengukuran Kolesterol Total dan LDL. Lumbung Farmasi: Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian. 2021;2: 80–88. https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v2i2.5488.
14. Mahmudah R, Himaniarwati, Imran SAA. Standarisasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Etanol Daun Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) pada Mencit (Mus musculus). Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia. 2024;10: 111–121. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v10i1.486.
15. Hamel D V., Sambou C, Karauwan FA, Ginting M. Uji Efektivitas Infusa Biji Ketumbar Coriandrum sativum L. Sebagai Antikolesterol Pada Tikus Putih Rattus norvegicus. Biofarmasetikal Tropis. 2021;4: 45–52. https://doi.org/10.55724/j.biofar.trop.v4i1.307.
16. Rame MMT, Ningsih D, Suhartinah. Pengaruh Sediaan Ekstrak Kering Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lmk.) terhadap Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Darah Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Wistar. CMHK Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal. 2020;3: 166–175. Available: https://cyber-chmk.net/ojs/index.php/farmasi/article/view/845.
17. Na’i A, Rakanita Y, Mulyani S. Uji Efek Kombinasi EEDS dan DPW terhadap Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Putih Jantan Hiperkolesterolemia-Diabetes. Farmakologika Jurnal Farmasi. 2019;16: 1–12. Available: https://jfarma.org/index.php/farmakologika/article/view/47.
18. Jannah N, Yustina, Latifah, Mahedra DN, Sumantri TS, Husna RA. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Umbi Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana Merr.) terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol Pada Tikus Jantan Putih Galur Wistar. Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi. 2018;11: 33–40. https://doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v11i1.5656.
19. Nasution SLR, Halim K, Fachrizal F, Puspawani Y. Uji Efektivitas Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Mangkokan Terhadap Tikus Jantan Putih. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari. 2022;6: 879–885. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v6i1.4866.
20. Dewi NP, Kristianto A, Tandi J. Uji Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ceremai terhadap Penurunan Kadar Kolesterol Total Tikus Putih Jantan. Farmakologika Jurnal Farmasi. 2018;15: 89–97. Available: https://www.jfarma.org/index.php/farmakologika/article/view/35.
21. Lindawati NY, Ningsih DW. Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Etanol Buah Kiwi Hijau (Actinidia deliciosa). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung. 2020;6: 183–191.
22. Parbuntari H, Yuliandari F, Martha RD. Isolation of Flavonoid Compounds and Anti-Cholesterol Test of Dutch Teak Leaf Extract (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.). Eksakta: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA. 2023;24: 330–342. https://doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol24-iss03/408.
23. Amalia AD, Anggraini DI. Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC). Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Terapan. 2023;10: 92–98. https://doi.org/10.33508/jfst.v10i2.4931.
24. Putri R, Anggraini DI. The Potency of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) Peel Extract as Anticholesterol. Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis. 2022;8: 90–100. https://doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v8i1.3493.
25. Lumbantoruan L, Sinaga E, Simanjuntak K, Nurbaya S, Prasasty VD. Potential of Flavonoid Compounds from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Anticholesterol: An In Silico Study. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity. 2024;4: 124–132. https://doi.org/10.59689/bio.v4i3.232.
26. Kurniawati A, Rahman N, Dwipajayati. Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Biji Bunga Telang (C.ternatea L.) sebagai Agen Antihiperlipidaemia (Studi In Silico). Jurnal Farmasi dan Herbal. 2023;5: 48–56.
27. Komalasari E, Susanti, Mardianingrum R. Uji In Silico Turunan Kuersetin Sebagai Penurun Kolesterol LDL Dari Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis). Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Indonesia. 2024;13: 46–56. https://doi.org/10.51887/jpfi.v13i1.1851.
28. Hardoko, Mutmainannah SN. The Potency of Water Clover (Marsilea crenata C. Presl.) Leaves as Anticholesterolemic Functional Foods Through In Silico Study. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan. 2023;15: 131–141. https://doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v15i1.35338.
29. Rochim NA, Hakim R, Damayanti DS. Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Annona Muricata Linn.) sebagai Pengaktif LDL Receptor dan Penghambat HMG-CoA Reductase Secara Insilico. Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas (Journal of Community Medicine). 2021;9: 1–11.
30. Achour S, Chebaibi M, Essabouni H, Bourhia M, Ouahmane L, Salamatullah AM, et al. Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used as Therapeutic Agents to Manage Diseases of Humans. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2022;4104772. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4104772.
31. Safitri DS, Soenarno SM, Noer S. Etnobotani Tumbuhan Liar sebagai Obat Herbal di Lingkungan Perumahan Grand Tamansari 3 Kabupaten Bekasi. EduBiologia: Biological Science and Education Journal. 2024;4: 40–49. https://doi.org/10.30998/edubiologia.v4i2.23719.
32. Amriani A, Fitrya, Novita RP, Caniago D. Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Akar Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen) terhadap Tikus Putih Jantan yang Diinduksi Diet Tinggi Lemak dan Fruktosa. Jurnal Penelitian Sains. 2021;23: 102–109. https://doi.org/10.56064/jps.v23i2.635.
33. Maghfiroh, Tandi J, Handayani KR. Uji Efek Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Talas (Colocasia esculenta) terhadap Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang di Induksi Streptozotocin. Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Attamru. 2024;5: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.31102/attamru.2024.5.1.1-12.
34. Tamahiwu NER, Bodhi W, Datu OS, Fatimawali. Uji Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Labu Kuning (Cucurbita Moschata) pada Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus Norvegicus). Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai. 2023;4: 2416–2429. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v4i3.16831.
35. Andriani S, Anggraini DI. Uji Aktivitas Antikolesterol Variasi Ekstrak Etanol Sawi Pakcoy (Brassica chinensis) Secara In Vitro. Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Terapan. 2023;10: 44–50. https://doi.org/10.33508/jfst.v10i1.4574.
36. Rahmania S, Sulistiyani S, Lelono AA. Identification of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor Active Compound in Medicinal Forest Plants. Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia. 2017;7: 95–104. https://doi.org/10.22435/jki.v7i2.6279.95-104.
37. Bjune K, Halvorsen PS, Wangensteen H, Leren TP, Bogsrud MP, Strom TB. Flavonoids Regulate LDLR Through Different Mechanisms Tied to Their Specific Structures. J Lipid Res. 2024;65: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100539.
38. Jiang M, Hong C, Zou W, Ye Z, Lu L, Liu Y, et al. Recent Advances in The Anti-tumor Activities of Saponins through Cholesterol Regulation. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1469392.
39. Ndlovu M, Serem JC, Selepe MA, Opoku AR, Bester MJ, Apostolides Z, et al. Triterpenoids from Protorhus longifolia Exhibit Hypocholesterolemic Potential via Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Stimulation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Uptake in HepG2 Cells. ACS Omega. 2023;8: 30906–30916. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01995.
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Published
2026-04-28
How to Cite
WAHYUDI, Made Suta; DEWI, Luh Putu Mirah Kusuma; SUSANTI, Ni Made Pitri.
Medicinal plants as potential anti-cholesterol agents: a narrative review of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico evidence.
Acta Pharmaciae Indonesia : Acta Pharm Indo, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 2, p. 19148, apr. 2026.
ISSN 2621-4520.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/api/article/view/19148>. Date accessed: 20 aug. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.api.2025.13.2.19148.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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