Effectiveness of Brown Rice (Oryza Nivara) in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is defined as a state of hyperglycemia in either the fasting or postprandial state. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with organ damage, dysfunction, and failure in organs and tissues including the retina, kidney, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
Objective: This systematic review aims to study the potential of brown rice as a food substitute for white rice that can reduce blood sugar levels in patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Methods: This study is a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) method by searching journals in electronic databases published in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar, published from 2013 to 2023. These articles were then extracted by looking at the titles and abstracts to see if they were relevant to the topic.
Results: The 6 selected articles showed that brown rice has the potential as an additional food ingredient to reduce blood glucose levels. Brown rice contains complex carbohydrates that can control the increase in the glycemic index (GI) in the blood so that it does not increase drastically. Research results from Sulistyowati show that in addition to its high fiber content, brown rice also has a mineral content seven times higher in Magnesium and Manganese than white rice. Fiber and minerals are important components needed by people with DM as they are thought to help control blood glucose.
Conclusion: Brown rice consumption can reduce blood glucose levels and thus prevent more severe diabetes mellitus.
References
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Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Grundy, S. M., & Brinkley, L. J. (2000). Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(19), 1392-1398.
Handayani, D., Kusumastuty, I., Innayah, A. M., Retnaningtyas, E., Sulistyowati, E., Sasiarini, L., Rudijanto, A., Inayah, A. M., Retnaningtyas, E., Sulistyowati, E., Sasiarini, L., & Rudijanto, A. (2022). Substitution of local Indonesian varieties of brown rice on anthropometry and blood glucose level improvement in type 2 DM patients: A pilot project. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(1).
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Kurnia, A. (2019). Low carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review. NURSCOPE: Journal of Nursing Research and Scientific Thought, 5(2), 46-52.
Kuszairi, K. (2017). The Effectiveness of Giving Brown Rice Diet in Lowering Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Pademawu Pamekasan Health Center. Journal of Islamic Medicine, 1(2), 97-107.
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Lim, S. M., Goh, Y. M., Mohtarrudin, N., & Loh, S. P. (2016). Germinated brown rice ameliorates obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 1-11.
Malik, V. S., Sudha, V., Wedick, N. M., Ramyabai, M., Vijayalakshmi, P., Lakshmipriya, N., Gayathri, R., Kokila, A., Jones, C., Hong, B., Li, R., Krishnaswamy, K., Anjana, R. M., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Mohan, V. (2019). Substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India: A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(12), 1389-1397.
Mansor, H., Yaacob, L. H., Kadir, A. A., & Wan Mohammad, W. M. Z. (2019). Effects of brown rice powdered drink on glucose control and lipid profile of type 2 diabetes patients. Biomedical Research, 30(3), 395-400.
Mohan, V., Spiegelman, D., Sudha, V., Gayathri, R., Hong, B., Praseena, K., Anjana, R. M., Wedick, N. M., Arumugam, K., Malik, V., Ramachandran, S., Bai, M. R., Henry, J. K., Hu, F. B., Willett, W., & Krishnaswamy, K. (2014). Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, and Brown Rice with Legumes on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses in Overweight Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 16(5), 317-325.
Nakayama, T., Nagai, Y., Uehara, Y., Nakamura, Y., Ishii, S., Kato, H., & Tanaka, Y. (2017). Eating glutinous brown rice twice a day for 8 weeks improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrition and Diabetes, 7(5).
Rahmawati, I., & Lestari, E. (2019). The Relationship between Diet and Exercise with Blood Sugar Stability in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus who seek treatment at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of Dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu Hospital. Journal of Dr. Soebandi Health, 7(1), 1-8.
Septianingrum, E., Liyanan, L., Health, B. K.-J., & 2016, U. (2016). Review of rice glycemic index: influencing factors and its relationship to health. Journals.Ums.Ac.Id, 1(1), 1-9.
Shen, K., Hao, C., Yen, H., Chen, C., Wu, B., & Lin, H. (2015). Pregerminated brown rice prevents high fat diet induced hyperglycemia through elevated insulin secretion and glucose metabolism pathway in C57BL/6J strain mice. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr, 56(1), 28-34.
Sulistyowati, E., Handayani, D., Soeharto, S., & Rudijanto, A. (2019). Serum mineral (Mg, Mn, and K) levels are associated with increasing the body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference. Obesity Medicine, 15(1).
Terashima, Y., Nagai, Y., Kato, H., Ohta, A., & Tanaka, Y. (2017). Eating glutinous brown rice for one day improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26(3), 421-426.
Upadhyay, A., & Karn, S. K. (2018). Brown Rice: Nutritional composition and Health Benefits. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal, 10, 47-52.
Wayan, I., Putra, A., & Berawi, K. N. (2015). Four Pillars of Management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Majority Journal, 4(9), 8-12.
Yu, J., Balaji, B., Tinajero, M., Jarvis, S., Khan, T., Vasudevan, S., Ranawana, V., Poobalan, A., Bhupathiraju, S., Sun, Q., Willett, W., Hu, F. B., Jenkins, D. J. A., Mohan, V., & Malik, V. S. (2022). White rice, brown rice and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 12(9), 1-13.
Yuliani, F., Oenzil, F., Andalas, D. I.-J. K., & 2014, U. (2014). The relationship of various risk factors to the incidence of coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal.Fk.Unand.Ac.Id, 3(1), 37-40.
Ardiansyah, L., & Nawawi, N. (2021). Giving Brown Rice (Oriza Nivara) and Black Rice (Oriza Sativa L. Indica) on Changes in Glucose Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Silampari Nursing Journal, 4(2), 607-617. 7
Aryastami, N. K., & Tarigan, I. (2017). Policy Review and Management of Stunting Nutrition Problem in Indonesia. Health Research Bulletin, 45(4).
Bui, T. N., Le Hop, T., Nguyen, D. H. V. A., Tran, Q. B., Nguyen, T. L., Le, D. T., Nguyen, D. H. V. A., Vu, A. L., Aoto, H., Okuhara, Y., Ito, Y., Yamamoto, S., & Kise, M. (2014). Pre-germinated brown rice reduces both blood glucose concentration and body weight in Vietnamese women with impaired glucose tolerance. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 60(3), 183-187.
Chandalia, M., Garg, A., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Grundy, S. M., & Brinkley, L. J. (2000). Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(19), 1392-1398.
Handayani, D., Kusumastuty, I., Innayah, A. M., Retnaningtyas, E., Sulistyowati, E., Sasiarini, L., Rudijanto, A., Inayah, A. M., Retnaningtyas, E., Sulistyowati, E., Sasiarini, L., & Rudijanto, A. (2022). Substitution of local Indonesian varieties of brown rice on anthropometry and blood glucose level improvement in type 2 DM patients: A pilot project. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(1).
Hernawan, E., & Meylani, V. (2016). Analysis of Physicochemical Characteristics of White Rice, Brown Rice, and Black Rice (Oryza sativa L., Oryza nivara, and Oryza sativa L. indica). Bakti Tunas Husada Health Journal: Journal of Nursing, Health Analyst and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15(1), 79.
Imam, M. U., & Ismail, M. (2015). An Overview on Germinated Brown Rice and its Nutrigenomic Implications. In Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Second Edition (Vol. 1, Issue 8). Wiley Blackwell.
Kurnia, A. (2019). Low carbohydrate diet in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review. NURSCOPE: Journal of Nursing Research and Scientific Thought, 5(2), 46-52.
Kuszairi, K. (2017). The Effectiveness of Giving Brown Rice Diet in Lowering Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Pademawu Pamekasan Health Center. Journal of Islamic Medicine, 1(2), 97-107.
Lee, J., Sreenivasulu, N., ... R. H.-... of nutritional science and, & 2019, U. (2019). Brown rice, a diet rich in health-promoting properties. Jstage.Jst.Go.Jp, 65(341), 26-28.
Lim, S. M., Goh, Y. M., Mohtarrudin, N., & Loh, S. P. (2016). Germinated brown rice ameliorates obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16(1), 1-11.
Malik, V. S., Sudha, V., Wedick, N. M., Ramyabai, M., Vijayalakshmi, P., Lakshmipriya, N., Gayathri, R., Kokila, A., Jones, C., Hong, B., Li, R., Krishnaswamy, K., Anjana, R. M., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B., & Mohan, V. (2019). Substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India: A randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(12), 1389-1397.
Mansor, H., Yaacob, L. H., Kadir, A. A., & Wan Mohammad, W. M. Z. (2019). Effects of brown rice powdered drink on glucose control and lipid profile of type 2 diabetes patients. Biomedical Research, 30(3), 395-400.
Mohan, V., Spiegelman, D., Sudha, V., Gayathri, R., Hong, B., Praseena, K., Anjana, R. M., Wedick, N. M., Arumugam, K., Malik, V., Ramachandran, S., Bai, M. R., Henry, J. K., Hu, F. B., Willett, W., & Krishnaswamy, K. (2014). Effect of Brown Rice, White Rice, and Brown Rice with Legumes on Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses in Overweight Asian Indians: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 16(5), 317-325.
Nakayama, T., Nagai, Y., Uehara, Y., Nakamura, Y., Ishii, S., Kato, H., & Tanaka, Y. (2017). Eating glutinous brown rice twice a day for 8 weeks improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. Nutrition and Diabetes, 7(5).
Rahmawati, I., & Lestari, E. (2019). The Relationship between Diet and Exercise with Blood Sugar Stability in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus who seek treatment at the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of Dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu Hospital. Journal of Dr. Soebandi Health, 7(1), 1-8.
Septianingrum, E., Liyanan, L., Health, B. K.-J., & 2016, U. (2016). Review of rice glycemic index: influencing factors and its relationship to health. Journals.Ums.Ac.Id, 1(1), 1-9.
Shen, K., Hao, C., Yen, H., Chen, C., Wu, B., & Lin, H. (2015). Pregerminated brown rice prevents high fat diet induced hyperglycemia through elevated insulin secretion and glucose metabolism pathway in C57BL/6J strain mice. J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr, 56(1), 28-34.
Sulistyowati, E., Handayani, D., Soeharto, S., & Rudijanto, A. (2019). Serum mineral (Mg, Mn, and K) levels are associated with increasing the body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference. Obesity Medicine, 15(1).
Terashima, Y., Nagai, Y., Kato, H., Ohta, A., & Tanaka, Y. (2017). Eating glutinous brown rice for one day improves glycemic control in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26(3), 421-426.
Upadhyay, A., & Karn, S. K. (2018). Brown Rice: Nutritional composition and Health Benefits. Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal, 10, 47-52.
Wayan, I., Putra, A., & Berawi, K. N. (2015). Four Pillars of Management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Majority Journal, 4(9), 8-12.
Yu, J., Balaji, B., Tinajero, M., Jarvis, S., Khan, T., Vasudevan, S., Ranawana, V., Poobalan, A., Bhupathiraju, S., Sun, Q., Willett, W., Hu, F. B., Jenkins, D. J. A., Mohan, V., & Malik, V. S. (2022). White rice, brown rice and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 12(9), 1-13.
Yuliani, F., Oenzil, F., Andalas, D. I.-J. K., & 2014, U. (2014). The relationship of various risk factors to the incidence of coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal.Fk.Unand.Ac.Id, 3(1), 37-40.
Published
2024-07-31
How to Cite
PUTRI, Khoirunnisa Rahmania; PRASASI, Nabila Jihan; SARYONO, Saryono.
Effectiveness of Brown Rice (Oryza Nivara) in Lowering Blood Glucose Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus.
Journal of Bionursing, [S.l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 179-190, july 2024.
ISSN 2685-6484.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/job/article/view/13139>. Date accessed: 23 feb. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.job.2024.6.2.13139.
Section
Articles
