Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian Ulkus Diabetik Pada Penyandang DM Tipe 2

Eka Rahayuningsih; Haryani Haryani; Nanik Sri Kodriyati

doi:10.20884/1.job.2026.8.1.18066

Eka Rahayuningsih Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Haryani Haryani Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Nanik Sri Kodriyati Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.job.2026.8.1.18066

Abstract

Background. Diabetic foot ulcers are a major complication of diabetes that cause increased morbidity and mortality and poor quality of life. Although there are many studies on risk factors for diabetic ulcers, only a few use a case-control design with age matching. Knowledge about this is important to increase awareness of early detection and prevention of diabetic ulcers.

Methods. Quantitative case control study using a retrospective approach by identifying groups affected (cases) and not affected (controls) by matching age. Data using medical records from January 2023 to December 2023. The sample used was data from196 type 2 DM patients consisting of 98 diabetic ulcer patients and 98 patients without diabetic ulcers at the Endocrine Polyclinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate odds ratio analysis, and multivariat analysis with STATA application.

Results. The prevalence of diabetic ulcers in people with type 2 DM in the Endocrine Clinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital is 23%. The risk factors for long suffering from DM, hypertension, blood sugar control, neuropathy, and PAD have an OR value > 1. The risk factors for long suffering from DM, DM neuropathy, history of hypertension, and PAD have a p-value < 0.05.

Conclusion. The prevalence of risk factors for diabetic ulcers in people with type 2 DM at the Endocrine Clinic of Dr. Sardjito Hospital is quite high. Risk factors for duration of DM, hypertension, blood sugar control, neuropathy, and PAD showed an increased risk. The risk factors of duration of DM, DM neuropathy, history of hypertension, and PAD significantly affect the incidence of diabetic ulcers in people with type 2 DM.

Keywords

Keywords: risk factors, diabetic ulcers, type 2 diabetes patients.

References

1. Aliyu, R., Gezawa, I. D., Uloko, A. E., & Ramalan, M. A. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes foot ulcers in Kano, northwestern Nigeria. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 9(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-023-00143-2
2. American Diabetes Association. (2021). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care, 44(Suppl 1), S15–S33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002
3. Armstrong, D. G., Boulton, A. J. M., & Bus, S. A. (2021). Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(10), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2028364
4. Arismawati, & Nasrudin, N. I. (2022). Faktor risiko kejadian ulkus diabetik pada penderita diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di RSUD Kabupaten Muna. Arimaswati Jurnal Nursing Update, 13(4), 301–309.
5. Boulton, A. J. M., Armstrong, D. G., & Kirsner, R. S. (2021). Neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. The Lancet, 397(10279), 2343–2352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00528-2
6. Boyko, E. J., Seelig, A. D., & Ahroni, J. H. (2021). Neuropathy is associated with increased mortality in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 44(7), 1673–1679. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-2723
7. Fan, Z., Huang, J., Liu, Y., Xie, H., Yang, Q., Liang, Y., & Ding, H. (2024). Multifactorial analysis of risk factors for foot ulcers in patients with neurovascular complications of diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1399924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1399924
8. Freitas, F., Winter, M., Cieslinski, J., Tasca Ribeiro, V. S., & Tuon, F. F. (2020). Risk factors for plantar foot ulcer recurrence in patients with diabetes – A prospective pilot study. Journal of Tissue Viability, 29(2), 135–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2020.02.001
9. Haskas, Y., Prayitno, H., & Suarnianti, S. (2024). Diabetic foot ulcer risk in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross sectional study. Journal of the Dow University of Health Sciences (JDUHS), 18(1). https://doi.org/10.36570/jduhs.2024.1.2015
10. Hingorani, A., LaMuraglia, G. M., Henke, P., Meissner, M. H., Loretz, L., Zinszer, K. M., ... & Callum, K. (2021). The management of peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes mellitus: A clinical practice guideline. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 73(4), 1252–1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2020.01.039
11. Lipsky, B. A., Senneville, É., Abbas, Z. G., Aragón‐Sánchez, J., Diggle, M., Embil, J. M., ... & International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). (2020). Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 36, e3280.
12. Manto, O. A. D., Nestriani, N. W. E. N., & Latifah, L. (2023). H Hubungan Perilaku Perawatan Kaki Terhadap Kejadian Ulkus Kaki Diabetik. Journal of Nursing Invention, 4(1), 42-47.
13. Oktorina, R., Wahyuni, A., & Harahap, E. Y. (2019). Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku pencegahan ulkus diabetikum pada penderita diabetes mellitus. REAL in Nursing Journal, 2(3), 108. https://doi.org/10.32883/rnj.v2i3.570
14. Ouyang, W., Jia, Y., & Jin, L. (2021). Risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study. American Journal of Translational Research, 13(8), 9554.
15. Setiawan, H., Mukhlis, H., Wahyudi, D. A., & Damayanti, R. (2020). Kualitas hidup ditinjau dari tingkat kecemasan pasien penderita ulkus diabetikum. Majalah Kesehatan Indonesia, 1(2), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.47679/makein.20207
16. Sun, W., Zhang, L., Wang, S., & Tang, J. (2022). Risk factors for diabetic foot ulcers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 185, 109726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109726
17. Tim Penyusun Buku Pedoman Umum Pengendalian Obesitas. (2015). Pedoman umum pengendalian obesitas. Jakarta: Bakti Husada.
18. Zhang, Y., Lazzarini, P. A., McPhail, S. M., van Netten, J. J., Armstrong, D. G., & Pacella, R. E. (2020). Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine, 52(6), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2020.1784477