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The published articles before 2022, please visit MOLEKUL old website at: www.jmolekul.com Volume 1 - 16 Archives could be accessed at: Archives Metrics <td style="width: 162.8pt; border: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 2021 <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 2022 <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 2023 <td style="width: 162.8pt; border: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> Scopus CiteScore <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 0.9 <td style="width: 2.0cm; 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border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> Acceptance rate <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 40% <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 45% <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 45% MOLEKUL is a scientific journal in chemistry, focus on the regional resources, environment or natural products of Indonesia and nearby tropical country. The scope of this journal including : Theoretical chemistry and environmental chemistry study Material synthesis for energy and environmental Isolation, purification and modification of biomolecules, including their applications Fabrication, development and validation of analytical methods MOLEKUL is published by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Previously, the Molekul published 2 issues per year, on May and November. Since 2020, Molekul publishes 3 issues per year, on March, July, and November. History Molekul has been established since 2006 with volume 1 no 1 (November 2006). The name of the birth of certificate from the Universitas Jenderal Soedirman was "Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia "Molekul". Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia mean Scientific Journal in Chemistry. The journal name in the quotes was Molekul. Furthermore, the journal cover used the name MOLEKUL and a small Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia. The running journal name in all articles is Molekul. Print ISSN name was Molekul, electronic ISSN was Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia. The name of the journal in the National Accreditation certificate was Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia Molekul. The final name of the journal should be only Molekul. ISSN Print : 1907-9761 e-ISSN : 2503-0310
Authors agree with the statements below: Authors automatically transfer the copyright to the MOLEKUL journal and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Authors are able to enter into separate permission for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of N-phenyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl) pyrazoline
ABSTRACT. Compound of N-phenyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl) pyrazoline was synthesized by cycloaddition reaction. The structure of the product was chracterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrometers. The pyrazoline was screened for antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexnerri, and Escherichia coli. The pyrazoline had been synthesized from chalcone with phenylhydrazine to give 52.90% yield. Antibacterial screening showed that pyrazoline was active against selected gram positive bacteria. The pyrazoline was found to exhibits an antibacterial activity and its zone of inhibition/concentration against S. aureus (8.75/300), B. cereus (7.75/1000), B. subtillis (6.50/1000), and E. coli (3.50/300). The result showed that pyrazoline which was subtituted with chloro and methoxy, was able to posse broad spectrum of the tested pathogenic bacteria. Keywords: chalcone, pyrazoline, antibacterial
Development of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometric Method for Quantification of Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin in Marketed Tablet Preparations
ABSTRACT. Marketed pharmaceutical dosage forms must be checked to ensure that the drug in distribution meets the quality requirements. The Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric method will provide new innovations which are low cost, environmental friendly, simple, and rapid for analysis. The aim of this research was to develop a single analytical method that can be used to determine levels of three different statin derivatives (simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin) in tablet preparations. The method used in this study was Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric, a very simple sample preparation stage by solvent extraction with minimal solvent extraction without potassium bromide and without pellet press. The specific wave numbers of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin were determined between 4000 cm–1 to 650 cm–1. The Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometric method had been successfully developed and successfully applied to the determination of levels of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin in marketed tablet preparations containing single active pharmaceutical ingredient. The specific wave numbers of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin obtained was 1712.7 cm–1; 1660.5 cm–1; and 965.4 cm–1, respectively. The results obtained in the content determination based on the peak height and peak area fulfill the requirements for active pharmaceutical ingredient assay ranging from 90.00% to 110.00%. The developed method has also been validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Thus, this method can be a valid alternative method, cheap, green, easy, and fast in determination of the levels of simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin in tablet preparations. Keywords : atorvastatin, FTIR, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, tablet
The In Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Some Tropical Trees as Inhibitors of Papain-Like Protease SARS-COV-2
ABSTRACT. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal virus of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it is known to encode 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins, one of which is Papain-Like protease (PLpro). This protein is an essential enzyme that plays a role in the maturation of viral polyproteins, the formation of replicate-transcriptase, and the signaling of the host's innate immune response to viral infections. To prevent the activities of PLpro, several compounds with inhibitory effects have been developed from natural sources. Flavonoid compounds from bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) and mahogany bark (Swietenia macrophylla), as well as phenolics from white teak bark (Gmelina arborea Roxb.), have been reported to have antiviral activities, but there are no studies on their potential as PLpro SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the PLpro SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory effects of 11 bay leaf, 3 mahogany bark, and 6 white teak bark test ligands within silico method using YASARA and PLANTS. The best test ligands obtained were epigallocatechin-3-gallate (-98.93 kcal/mol), catechin (-80.10 kcal/mol), epicatechin (-80.12 kcal/mol), and balanophonin (-83.36 kcal/mol) based on energy binding values surpassing the reference ligands ribavirin (-74.06 kcal/mol) and benserazide (-90.93 kcal/mol). Additionally, these four ligands satisfied physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity predictions, in contrast to the natural ligand VIR251, which carries the risk of inhibiting hERG, potentially resulting in fatal outcomes. Based on the results, the compounds could be developed as effective alternative drugs in inhibiting PLpro SARS CoV-2. Keywords: Covid 19, molecular docking, Papain-Like protease, SARS CoV-
Design and Fabrication of a Microfluidic Chip Device for Colorimetric Quantitative Analysis of Albumin in Urine Matrix Solutionn
ABSTRACT. The existence of albumin in urine indicates kidney impairment, referred to as albuminuria. Early detection of kidney dysfunction can be done through the examination of urine albumin levels. This research aims to develop a microfluidic chip device for quantitative analysis of albumin in urine matrix solution using colorimetry with a smartphone-based device. The microfluidic chip device for albumin is tested and evaluated through functional tests and analysis of the quality of measurement data generated. The functional tests of the colorimetric system include testing the hydrophobic properties of the fluid on the material surface, fluid distribution pattern, color appearance, and leakage. The quality of measurement data is evaluated based on the predictive ability of the partial least squares regression models generated by data measurement for predicting the albumin levels accurately and precisely. A prototype of the microfluidic chip device for albumin was made from transparent acrylic material, with a 3-dimensional vertical fluid flow design consisting of two main parts: the inlet section and the colorimetric system for visual fluid observation. Based on the functional tests, it is found that the acrylic material in the colorimetric system has a hydrophilic surface characteristic with a contact angle of 61.15o. The fluid can flow and distribute well within the colorimetric system without producing bubbles. The color appearance in the colorimetric system is also visualized well without fluid leakage. On the other hand, RGB HSL data, as the digital image identity of the training and test samples, can be used as predictor variables. The method validation demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, with an LOD of 3.368 mg/dL and an LOQ of 11.825 mg/dL. Precision at 16 mg/dL showed good repeatability (RSD 0.561%, recovery 99.26%;) and reproducibility (RSD 2.147%, recovery 101.42%). These results confirm the method's reliability for albumin quantification at the tested concentration level. Keywords: Albumin, albuminuria, colorimetry, microfluidic chip, PLSR, urine analysis
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Activity Test of Thioxanthenol and Nitrothioxanthone Derivatives As Anticancer Agents
ABSTRACT. This research aimed to compare, synthesise, study molecular docking, and test the anticancer activity of thioxanthenol, 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds through in silico and in vitro assays, highlighting their selective cytotoxicity and potential as novel anticancer scaffolds. These four compounds were obtained through reduction and nitration reactions of the thioxanthone. Thioxanthenol compound was obtained through the reduction of thioxanthone using sodium borohydride. The 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds were obtained from the nitration of thioxanthone compounds. The compounds were characterised using FTIR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed using microtetrazolium (MTT) assays against T47D, WiDr, and Hela cancer cell lines and the Vero cell line as normal cells. The molecular docking process was studied to determine the in silico activity of the compounds with protein targets. The reduction reaction produced the thioxanthenol compound as a yellowish-white solid in 40.63% yield. The nitration reaction produced 1-hydroxythioxanthone, 4-nitrothioxanthone, and 2-nitrothioxanthone compounds as light-yellow solids in 33.54%; 29.27%; and 31.71% yield, respectively. The synthesized compounds demonstrated selective anticancer activity against certain cancer cells. Thioxanthenol compound showed an IC50 value of 17.46 µg mL-1 on the WiDr cell line and nitrotioxanthone compound showed an IC50 value of 6.05 µg mL-1 on the T47D cell line. Molecular docking showed that the thioxanthone derivatives might act as the anticancer agent through inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), P-glycoprotein, and Erα functions. Keywords: anticancer, nitrothioxanthone, thioxanthenol, thioxanthone
Klanceng Honey Beehive (Trigona biroi) Sunscreen Activity
ABSTRACT. UV radiation can cause various skin problems, including photoaging and skin cancer. Sunscreen can provide UV radiation protection. Klanceng honey bee nests may contain metabolites that could be employed as sunscreen agents. This research project investigates the sunscreen activity of the extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction of the Klanceng honey bee hive using SPF, % Te, and Tp values. Honey bee hives are extracted via maceration assisted by ultrasonic waves. As solvents for fractionation, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water are used. UV spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 290-375 nm was used to examine the sunscreen activity of the samples in vitro, and the SPF, % Te, and % Tp values were computed. The extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and aqueous fraction had SPF values of 5.832, 4.464, 11.898, and 2.846, with medium, medium, maximum, and minimal protection categories, respectively. The % Te value indicates that the extract, n-hexane, and aqueous fraction do not protect anti-erythema transmission. However, the ethyl acetate fraction does. The % Tp statistic demonstrates that all samples offer sunblock category protection. Based on this, the availability of ethyl acetate fraction is the most effective defense against UV A and UV B rays, indicating that it has the most significant potential as a sunscreen agent. Keywords: Erythema, Pigmentation, Honey bee hive, SPF, Sunscreen
N-Doped and Chemically Activated Carbons Derived from Shrimp Shells Waste as Potential Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors
ABSTRACT. Supercapacitors are widely recognized as energy storage solutions due to their high-power densities and long cycle life. Furthermore, there is growing scientific and technological interest in converting biomass waste into carbon materials for manufacturing supercapacitor electrodes. In addition to their abundance and cost-effectiveness, the appeal of carbons derived from biomass lies in their tuneable porosity, which enables the rational design of carbon materials to achieve the desired performance of supercapacitors. This work presents the synthesis of activated carbons from shrimp shells waste and its application for supercapacitor electrodes, with an activation treatment using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and nitrogen doping (N-doped). The activator concentration was varied at 3, 6, and 9 M; while the N-doped ratios were 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7. The characteristics of activated carbon and supercapacitor electrodes was analysed with BET, SEM, CV, and GCD. The resulting materials exhibited amorphous and predominant microporous structures. Increasing the activation concentration gave smaller specific surface area, from 17.522 to 9.509 m2 g−1. The electrochemical properties of these activated carbons for supercapacitor applications were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, with KOH electrolyte. The best activated carbon produced was mesoporous with the highest specific surface of 17.522 m2/g, obtained at 3 M H3PO4 and a nitrogen doping ratio of 1:3. At the same activator concentration and nitrogen doping ratio (3 M; 1:3), the highest capacitance was obtained 16.320 Farad, with current charging and discharging stop at 475 seconds and 1235 seconds, respectively. This work showcases the efficient and sustainable utilization of shrimp shells waste as a carbon source for supercapacitor applications and highlights their value in a circular economy. Keywords: Activated carbon, Activator H3PO4, Nitrogen doping, Shrimp shell, Supercapacitor
Optimization and Characterization of Urease Immobilization from Red Lentil Seeds (Lens culinaris) Using Chitosan
ABSTRACT. Urease is an enzyme that plays a vital role in catalyzing the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This study focuses on the isolation of urease from red lentil seeds, followed by its immobilization. The objective of this research is to optimize and characterize urease that has been immobilized using chitosan and activated with glutaraldehyde. Red lentil seeds were processed with a mortar and pestle at low temperatures (4 °C) to obtain a crude enzyme extract, which was then concentrated using 50% acetone (P50) prior to immobilization. The optimization process for P50 urease immobilization involved assessing various factors, including chitosan concentration, glutaraldehyde concentration, temperature, and the immersion duration in glutaraldehyde. The findings revealed that the optimal conditions for immobilizing P50 urease were achieved at a chitosan concentration of 0.75%, with a 2% glutaraldehyde soak at 25 °C for 2 hours, resulting in an enzyme activity of 7.042 U/g. The immobilized P50 urease demonstrated the ability to be reused up to 7 times while maintaining 51% of its initial activity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated morphological changes in the beads after the addition of glutaraldehyde and the enzyme, shifting from a rounded to an irregular shape. Additionally, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified C-N and C=N peaks, confirming the successful incorporation of glutaraldehyde. Keywords: immobilization, red lentil seeds, glutaraldehyde, chitosan, urease
Selection of Four Lamiaceae Species (Ocimum americanum L., Ocimum basilicum L., Leucas lavandulifolia Sm., and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) as Antioxidant Sources and Metabolite Profile
ABSTRACT. The Lamiaceae family which are widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. Plants from this family are known to have antioxidant bioactivity. Therefore, in this study, an antioxidant test was carried out first as an initial screening. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of four Lamiaceae species: Ocimum americanum L., Ocimum basilicum L., Leucas lavandulifolia Sm., and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. The four Lamiaceae species extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The highest activity extract was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water, and the results were tested for antioxidant capacity. The most active extract and most active fraction were analyzed for metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show that the ethanol 50% leaves extracts of O. americanum L. have the highest antioxidant capacity of about 0.439 (DPPH); 1.517 (CUPRAC); and 1.021 (FRAP) mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/g extract. The highest antioxidant capacity from the partition results was possessed by the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 1.109 (DPPH); 1.540 (CUPRAC); and 1.551 (FRAP) mmol AAE/g fraction. Metabolite analysis using LC-MS/MS succeeded in identifying 18 metabolites consisting of flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, and other carboxylic acids. Keywords: Antioxidant, Leucas lavandulifolia, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum, Perilla frutescens
Harnessing Nature's Colors: Combining Plant Pigments and Metal Coatings for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
ABSTRACT. This study aims to improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To overcome the recombination problem in the commonly used TiO2 semiconductor, we performed electrodeposition of ferrous metal (Fe) on TiO2. XRD characterization showed that after Fe electrodeposition, the crystal structure of TiO₂ remained in the anatase phase without significant changes compared to before deposition while based on SEM-EDS results, Fe was dispersed to form small agglomerates that functioned as metal contacts to reduce electron recombination. We also investigated the use of anthocyanins from various natural sources, including jengkol skin, senduduk fruit, mangosteen skin, and red grape skin. These anthocyanins were copigmented with salicylic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that copigmentation caused a bathochromic shift and FTIR spectrum confirmed strong interaction between anthocyanins and salicylic acid through hydrogen bond formation. The combination of TiO2-Fe layers with pigmented dyes resulted in diverse DSSC efficiencies, with mangosteen peel showing the best performance (4.123%), followed by senduduk fruit (3.495%), grape peel (2.569%), and jengkol peel (1.925%). The increase in efficiency from 1.189% (without Fe coating) to 1.700% (with Fe coating) demonstrates the potential of this technique. The small TiO2 crystal size (about 61.8 nm) also contributes to the increased surface area, enhancing dye absorption and solar cell performance. The electrical efficiency showed that the combination of TiO2-Fe with copigmented anthocyanins from mangosteen skin produced DSSCs with the highest efficiency, demonstrating the potential of this approach to improve the performance of natural dye-based solar cells. Keywords: Co-pigmentation, dye-sensitized solar cell, Fe electroplating, natural dye.
Effect of Organic Solvents in the Preparation of Single Aged Garlic Transfersomes and Their Phytochemical Activities
ABSTRACT. Single Aged Garlic (SAG), a fermented product from a single garlic, has been extensively studied for its health benefits due to its allicin content. To enhance SAG's drug delivery capabilities, this study aimed to characterize transfersome formulations containing SAG, investigating their phytochemical activities and the effects of different absolute solvents. Transfersome formulations, consisting of soy-phospholipid and either Span-60 (T1) or Tween-80 (T2), were prepared using absolute ethanol (EA) or a chloroform-methanol mixture (CM). Characterization included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. Phytochemical tests assessed antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Results showed that T2-CM formulations exhibited the best PDI (0.372 ± 0.022), smallest particle size (T1-CM: 84.333 ± 1.762 nm), and lowest zeta potential (T2-EA: -25.667 ± 0.666 mV). Additionally, T1-CM and T2-CM formulations demonstrated superior antioxidant, flavonoid, and phenolic content compared to T1-EA and T2-EA. Transfersomes formulated with organic solvents like absolute ethanol, methanol, and chloroform exhibit promising characteristics and can effectively protect the antioxidant compounds, flavonoids, and phenols present in SAG extracts. These solvents, known for their ability to dissolve polar and nonpolar compounds, facilitate the formation of stable, well-characterized transfersomes. These findings suggest that transfersomes prepared with chloroform-methanol mixtures are more promising for SAG delivery. Key words: Organic solvents, Phytochemicals, Single aged garlic, Transfersomes
Metabolomic Profiling LC-MS Based Bioactive Compound of Sonneratia alba, Antioxidant Activities and Its In-silico molecular docking Studies
ABSTRACT. Mangrove Perepat (Sonneratia alba) plants have various potentials that need to be utilized optimally because they have varying bioactive compound content. A comprehensive exploration of secondary metabolite compound content and plant bioactivity based on metabolomics and in-silico molecular docking is needed to see the effects of single or multiple compounds. This study aimed to obtain a profile of medicinal compounds from Perepat leaves as antioxidants. Extraction was carried out using five gradients of Ethanol: Water concentration. EP1 (water), EP2 (25% Ethanol), EP3 (50% Ethanol), EP4 (75% Ethanol), EP5 (100% Ethanol). The research was carried out through extraction, antioxidant determination, metabolomics, and molecular docking. Exploration data showed that increasing ethanol concentration increased phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. EP5 has the highest total phenolics and flavonoids of 24.978 mgGAE/g and 42.97 mgQE/g, respectively, with an IC50 value of 8.263 ppm. Docking analysis of 37 test compounds identified 12 compounds with low binding energy, ranging from -7 to -9 kcal/mol, with the NADPH oxidase protein receptor (PDB ID: 2CDU). These compounds include kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, meperidine, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, 2-keto benzothiazole 54, methyl propanoic acid, salicyloylaminotriazole, salicylihalamide A, and gibberellin A7. Our findings suggest that S. alba extract holds potential for further exploration as a natural antioxidant source. Keywords: Antioxidant; In-silico; Metabolomics; S. alba
Eco-friendly Sunscreen: Aloe vera and Garlic-Shallot Peel Extract Formulation for Enhanced SPF
ABSTRACT. In the past 5 years, research has reported that chemical sunscreen products pose risks of irritation and environmental impact, necessitating safer natural alternatives, such as eco-friendly sunscreen. This study aimed to formulate a natural sunscreen by combining Aloe vera gel with garlic-shallot peel waste extracts and evaluate their solar protection factor (SPF), physical stability, overall quality, and organoleptic-hedonic test. The Aloe vera and extracts of garlic and shallot peels were prepared using modified infusion and solvent extraction techniques. The sunscreen formulas were created in nine variations with different concentrations of natural ingredient combinations. SPF values were determined in vitro using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and the physical stabilities were tested using the cycling method. Overall quality tests were performed using the method as described in the standard and requirements for sunscreen products in Indonesia (SNI 16-4399-1996), and the procedure for determining the organoleptic-hedonic test referred to the organoleptic and/or sensory testing instructions (SNI 01-2346-2006). The results showed that all nine formulations met most of the quality standards of sunscreen. However, the panelist preferred formulas without garlic and shallot extracts due to the prominent odor of garlic and shallot. Further studies will be performed by combining them with fragrances that panelists prefer to cover the deficiencies in unpreferred odors. Formulas with garlic and shallot peel extracts have ultra-protection SPF values, though their effectiveness decreased with increased Aloe vera concentrations. These results indicate that garlic and shallot peel waste have the potential as sustainable, environmentally friendly sunscreen ingredients with high UV protection capabilities. Keywords: Aloe vera, garlic peel, shallot peel, SPF, sunscreen
Antioxidant, Anti-Aging and Antibacterial Activity from Dewa Leaves Ethanolic Extract (Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel)
ABSTRACT. Due to their phytochemical constituents, Dewa leaves (Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel.) are often used in traditional medicinal herbs. However, in vitro and in vivo of antioxidative and anti-aging studies of Dewa leaves on yeast as a eukaryotic cell model have not been widely carried out. This study aims to determine the antioxidant, anti-aging, and antibacterial activities derived from G. japonica leaves extract. Extraction was conducted using 70% and 96% ethanol solvents, total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed using Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid contents (TFC) was assayed using aluminum chloride method, antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-Ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. Subsequently, an anti-aging activity test was performed on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism following antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using well diffusion agar, and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using the microplate method. We obtained that G. japonica leaves extracted from 70% and 96% methanol solvents, have TPC of 13.14 and 22.11 mg GAE/gr extract, and TFC of 8.04 and 14.09 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. As for DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity, D70 showed the best activity with IC50 values of 1411.36±56.35 µg/mL and 2516.10±18.77 µg/mL, respectively. The anti-aging test showed that both 70% and 96% ethanol extracts were able to maintain the yeast cell viability under H2O2 oxidative stress. Further, 70% and 96% ethanol extract also showed antibacterial activity at the best value against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 390.62 µg/mL, it means that Gynura leaves extract has a potency as antibacterial agent. The results of this study indicate that the ethanol extract of G. japonica leaves can be developed for further investigation as an antioxidant and antibacterial therapeutic agent. Keywords: Anti-aging, antibacterial, antioxidant, Gynura japonica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Effectiveness of Zingiberaceae Herbal Extracts from the Hala-Bala Forest for Application in Thai Massage
ABSTRACT. This research aimed to study the efficiency of essential oils extracted from Zingiberaceae herbals that are Etlingera elatior, Zingiber montanum, and Etlingera coccinea, collected from the Hala-Bala forest in Chulabhorn Pattana Village 9, Ban Santisuk 2, Mae Wat Sub-district, Than To and Betong District, Yala Province. The essential oils were extracted using steam distillation and characterized based on their physical and chemical properties, antimicrobial activity, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activities. The pH values of the essential oils were found to be 6.1, 4.9, and 6.2, respectively. Heavy metal analysis of the essential oils, conducted using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, revealed no contamination with lead, chromium, manganese, and cadmium. In antimicrobial activity test against three bacterial strains— Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., and Escherichia coli—the essential oils of E. elatior and Z. montanum demonstrated inhibitory effects against all three strains, with inhibition zones ​​of 12.3±0.28, 10.7±1.06, and 11.2±1.01 mm for E. elatior and 22.1±1.25, 26.0±0.70, and 18.5±0.70 mm for Z. montanum. Meanwhile, the essential oil of E. coccinea inhibited S. aureus and E. coli with inhibition zones ​​of 20.5±0.70 and 13.2±0.35 mm, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and antioxidant activity evaluated using three assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay), ABTS free radical bleaching (ABTS assay), and ferric reduction of antioxidant power (FRAP assay). The results confirmed that all three essential oils exhibited antioxidant activity, and the phytochemical screening detected flavonoids, diterpenes, and anthraquinones. This research highlights the potential of the essential oils for developing Thai massage health products, particularly in the form of massage oils infused with natural extracts and local herbs. Volunteer satisfaction assessments conducted at the Thai Traditional Medicine Learning Center, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala Province, Thailand, indicated a high to the highest level of satisfaction. This was attributed to the oils' natural composition, low toxicity, and high effectiveness. Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Etlingera elatior, Essential oil, Etlingera coccinea, Phytochemical, Zingiber montanum
Development and Characterization of Edible Films from Sodium Alginate and Arrowroot Starch Plasticized with Sorbitol
ABSTRACT. The demand for eco-friendly packaging is growing in industrial applications. This study aimed to develop edible films using sorbitol, sodium alginate (SA), and arrowroot starch (ARS). Sorbitol, serving as a plasticizer, was evaluated for optimal concentration, while various SA:ARS ratios were tested for film formation. Physicochemical properties, including thickness, color, tensile strength, elongation, moisture content, opacity, water solubility, water vapor transmission rate, biodegradability, FTIR, and SEM morphology were analyzed. Results indicated that 0.5% sorbitol produced films with ideal thickness, color, tensile strength, and elongation. SA:ARS ratios significantly influenced film properties, with the 0.9:0.1 ratio yielding a thin, smooth, and highly biodegradable film. This formulation provides a basis for further edible film research and food industry applications. Keywords: Arrowroot starch, edible film, sodium alginate, sorbitol
Chemical Constituents from Indonesian Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck). Kosterm and Their Cytotoxicity Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells
ABSTRACT. The exploration of naturally occurring secondary metabolites from plants, which serve as direct sources or precursors for new drug development, motivates us to conduct a comprehensive investigation into their presence. Indonesia stands out as a global biodiversity hotspot, boasting a significant number of endemic species that offer a rich reservoir of untapped resources for pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental uses. The Dysoxylum genus, belonging to the Meliaceae family, is recognized as a vital source of secondary metabolites and is well-known for its traditional medicinal applications. Consequently, we focus on analyzing the chemical constituents found in the stem bark of one Indonesian Dysoxylum species, specifically D. parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., and assess their biological activity as anticytotoxic agents. Our research identified three known compounds: a tirucallane-type triterpenoid, cneorin-NP36 (1), a seco-limonoid from the preurianin group, amotsangin A (2), and an ergostane-type steroid, 22(E)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol (3). The biological evaluation against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 revealed that compound 2 exhibited a notable inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 34.5 μM. The existence of a highly oxidized structure in compound 2, due to its ester substituents, highlights its effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, outperforming the reference drug cisplatin, which has an IC50 of 53.0 μM. These findings indicate that amotsangin A (2) is a promising anticancer agent, particularly in the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies, including in silico analysis and structural modification, are needed to enhance its cytotoxic activity and selectivity. Keywords: Cytotoxic activity, Dysoxylum parasiticum, MCF-7, seco-limonoid amotsangin A, Secondary metabolites
Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids from Twigs of Aglaia Foveolata and Their Antibacterial Activity
ABSTRACT. The Aglaia species, which contains triterpenoids, is the most numerous in the Meliaceae family. Aglaia foveolata (A. foveolata) is a type of plant that has many benefits, as medicinal ingredients. The potential of this plant is inseparable from the content of various bioactive compounds. This study aims to isolate, characterize the active compound from the twigs of A. foveolata and test its activity as an antibacterial. Three dammarane-type triterpenoids were isolated from the A. foveolata twigs which is, namely dammar-24-en-3β,20-diol (1), an epimeric mixture of shoreic and eichlerianic acid (2, 3). Their chemical structures were determined based on spectroscopic data using infrared, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and including one and two-dimensional NMR techniques, as well as through data comparison of the reported compound. Compound 1 was reported for the first time to be successfully isolated from this species. All these substances were tested for the first time for their antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through this study. Compound 1 was inactive, the epimeric mixture of 2 and 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranging from 31.7 to 126.6 ppm, particularly against S. aureus with a MIC value of 31.7 ppm. Keywords: Aglaia, Elucidation, Isolation, Spectroscopy, Bacterial
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Plant and Endophytic Fungi Extracts from Syzygium myrtifolium Walp, with LC-HRMS Profiling of Active Extracts
ABSTRACT. The emergence of antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress-related diseases highlights the urgent need for novel bioactive compounds. This study investigates the potential of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. and its endophytic fungi as sources of antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Sixteen endophytic fungi isolates were obtained from six plant parts and identified morphologically. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)-based chemical profiling demonstrated comparable secondary metabolite patterns between the plant and its endophytic fungi, indicating possible shared biosynthetic pathways. Antibacterial screening using TLC-bioautography and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays demonstrated that both the plant and endophytic fungi extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with Xylaria sp. showing notable activity. (SmDh4) exhibiting the strongest activity (MIC = 64 µg/mL). Antioxidant activity determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay indicated high to very high radical inhibition capacity, especially in SmRTd (AAI = 25.91) and SmAk1 (AAI = 24.97). Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis unique secondary metabolites on endophytic fungi, including L-α-palmitin, α-eleostearic acid, and 8-methylnaphthalene-1,2-diol, which were detected exclusively in the endophytic fungi extracts, highlighting their potential as alternative antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Keywords: Antibacterial, antioxidant, endophytic fungi, secondary metabolites, Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.
Electrochemistry Response of Platinum Powder Composite as Electrode for Sensor Capsaicin
ABSTRACT. So far, the concentration of capsaicin in food has been determined using the tongue. Several analytical methods were developed to determine the concentration of capsaicin, but they have many drawbacks such as being expensive, long analysis time, requiring hazardous chemicals, and being difficult to operate. This research aims to prepare a material that has high stability and excellent electrocatalytic activity to determine capsaicin concentration. The research was conducted by preparing powdered platinum electrodes mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The mixture of the two materials is added with tetrahydrofuran (THF), dried, and pressed so that it becomes a solid electrode which is a platinum powder composite (PPC). These electrodes are used as working electrodes for the analysis of capsaicin in food sauce. The results showed that the NaOH electrolyte was the best electrolyte for capsaicin analysis using platinum powder composite electrodes. The PPC electrode showed good test method validation results, namely recovery of 108.69%, LOD, and LOQ of 5.9 x 10-1 mM and 19.9 x 10-1 mM, respectively. The capsaicin concentration in the food sauce was 0.029 M in a 0.5 g sample. Keywords: Capsaicin, composite, cyclic voltammetry, platinum powder, sensor