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The published articles before 2022, please visit MOLEKUL old website at: www.jmolekul.com Volume 1 - 16 Archives could be accessed at: Archives Metrics <td style="width: 162.8pt; border: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 2021 <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 2022 <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 153; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #8EAADB 1.5pt; background: #D9D9D9; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 2023 <td style="width: 162.8pt; border: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="217"> Scopus CiteScore <td style="width: 2.0cm; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="76"> 0.9 <td style="width: 2.0cm; 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border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> Acceptance rate <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 40% <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 45% <td style="width: 68.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 102; border-right: solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 102; mso-border-top-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 102; mso-border-left-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 102; mso-border-alt: solid #B4C6E7 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 102; background: #D9E2F3; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 51; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="91"> 45% MOLEKUL is a scientific journal in chemistry, focus on the regional resources, environment or natural products of Indonesia and nearby tropical country. The scope of this journal including : Theoretical chemistry and environmental chemistry study Material synthesis for energy and environmental Isolation, purification and modification of biomolecules, including their applications Fabrication, development and validation of analytical methods MOLEKUL is published by the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia. Previously, the Molekul published 2 issues per year, on May and November. Since 2020, Molekul publishes 3 issues per year, on March, July, and November. History Molekul has been established since 2006 with volume 1 no 1 (November 2006). The name of the birth of certificate from the Universitas Jenderal Soedirman was "Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia "Molekul". Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia mean Scientific Journal in Chemistry. The journal name in the quotes was Molekul. Furthermore, the journal cover used the name MOLEKUL and a small Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia. The running journal name in all articles is Molekul. Print ISSN name was Molekul, electronic ISSN was Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia. The name of the journal in the National Accreditation certificate was Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia Molekul. The final name of the journal should be only Molekul. ISSN Print : 1907-9761 e-ISSN : 2503-0310
Authors agree with the statements below: Authors automatically transfer the copyright to the MOLEKUL journal and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Authors are able to enter into separate permission for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
Isolation and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Etlingera rubroloba Rhizome and Their Biological Activity as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant
ABSTRACT. Etlingera is a genus known for its potential medicinal properties. Etlingera rubroloba A.D. Poulsen is a recently identified species within the Etlingera genus found in Southeast Sulawesi. This study aims to isolate and identify secondary metabolite compounds from the methanol extract of the E.rubroloba A.D. Poulsen rhizome and its activity as an antimicrobial and antioxidant. The compound was isolated by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC), and Radial Chromatography (RC) techniques. Isolated compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques and compared the data with reference. Antimicrobial tests were carried out on Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans by broth microdilution method. The antioxidant test was carried out using the 1,1-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Four isolated compounds were successfully isolated : stigmasterol (1); 1,7-diphenyl-6-hepten-3-on; (2); and 1,7-diphenyl-heptan-3-on (3); and sinapyl alcohol diacetate (4). Antimicrobial activity test results extract were active against all bacteria and C. albicans. The results of antioxidant activity test showed that extract, compound 2, 3, and 4 had strong and medium antioxidant activity with IC50 values at 75.05 μg/mL; 201.4 μg/mL; 207.88 μg/mL, and 190.59 μg/mL, respectively. Keywords: antioxidant, antimicrobial, DPPH, Etlingera, isolation
Characteristics of Purified Lignin Obtained from Metroxylon Sagu Palm Fronds, Oil Palm Fronds, Cratoxylum arborescens, and Eucalyptus pellita via Soda-Methylanthraquinone Pulping
ABSTRACT. Lignin is a valuable material that can be obtained from the black liquor generated during dissolving pulp production from lignocellulosic materials. Lignin can be used to produce biopolymers, fuels, value-added chemicals, and other functional materials. This study investigates the isolation and characterization of lignin from four lignocellulosic biomass sources i.e. Metroxylon sagu palm fronds (SPF), oil palm fronds (OPF), Cratoxylum arborescens, and Eucalyptus pellita using environmentally friendly soda–methylanthraquinone (soda–MAQ, 160 ºC for 1.5 h) pulping followed by acid precipitation with hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0-2.5). The lignin yield varied among the materials (68.3-88.8%), with E. pellita showing the highest recovery. SEM analysis revealed distinct differences in lignin morphology, where E. pellita lignin exhibited a more condensed and homogeneous structure compared to the more fragmented forms from non-wood biomass. FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of guaiacyl, syringyl, and hydroxyl phenol units in all samples. EDX analysis supported the natural lignin composition, especially in E. pellita, OPF, and C. arborescens. Among the four sources, lignin from E. pellita demonstrated the greatest potential for value-added applications, followed by C. arborescens and OPF. These findings provide valuable insight into lignin recovery from diverse biomass and its suitability for further bioproduct development. Keywords: Biomass, characterization, dissolving pulp, lignin, soda-methylanthraquinone
Structural Insights into Mutant and Wild-Type InhA Proteins: Implications for Targeting Tuberculosis and the Role of NAD Cofactors
ABSTRACT. The high death rate and prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) pose a significant global health challenge. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the main targets for drug development to treat tuberculosis. Wever, mutations in the InhA structure found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are responsible for MDR-TB. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) 3D structure of InhA was used in this study. The PDB has 102 3D structures, with 77 structures for wild-type proteins and 25 structures for mutant proteins. The structures with the best resolution values and most favorable region statistics in Ramachandran plots were selected, and redocking and cross-docking simulations were performed with Autodock Vina software to study the binding affinity of protein-ligand complexes and to assess the impact of mutations on binding affinity. This research also provides insights into the influence of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) cofactors, which increase ligand binding efficiency. The results show how important the NAD cofactor is for improving ligand binding and how mutations can change the therapeutic potential of the found ligands. They also give suggestions for structures that can be used to make drugs that fight multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Based on the docking results, with an RMSD value of less than 2.00 Å, the structures recommended for the virtual screening stage are 5COQ, 5CP8, and 5OIF for mutant proteins and 2X23, 4BQP, 4D0S, 4OHU, 4OXK, 4TRJ, and 5MTR for the wild-type protein. Keywords: Autodock Vina, Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), NAD, Tubercolosis.
Batik Wastewater Treatment by Using Mono and Polyculture Phytoremediation Utilized Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) and Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
ABSTRACT. Phytoremediation with mono and polyculture systems of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) plants for the treatment of batik wastewater has been carried out. This research aims to study the effect of giant salvinia and water spinach plants in reducing pollutant levels in batik wastewater, determine the order kinetics of Cu, TDS, and BOD reduction in monoculture and polyculture systems, and determine the effectiveness of Cu, TDS, and BOD reduction in monoculture against polyculture system. The research methodology included two main treatments, namely phytoremediation and data analysis. Phytoremediation was carried out by varying the combination of water spinach and giant salvinia plants with ratio of 0:100, 50:50, and 100:0 with a total plant mass of 100 gr. Analysis was conducted based on spectrophotometric and gravimetric principles. The results of the analysis were tested for significance by ANOVA test. Research data showed that polyculture of giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) could increase the effectiveness of reducing Cu metal by 91%, dye by 90%, and TDS by 36%. While polyculture system has better effectiveness in reducing Cu metal, TDS and dyes concentration than monoculture system, but the difference in effectiveness is not statistically significant. Keywords: Batik wastewater, Ipomoea aquatica, mono and polyculture, phytoremediation, Salvinia molesta.
In Vitro Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitor Metabolites of Chrysanthemum indicum Flower Represented by Molecular Networking
ABSTRACT. Chrysanthemum indicum flower is known as a Chinese medicinal plant and is consumed as a tea or food supplement. Several research reported the profiling metabolites of this flower using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS). However, there is a limitation of those methods, which are the yields several formula obtained by searching in database based on parent masses so give less effectiveness identify of compound. This study aimed to identify the metabolites in the ethanolic extract of C. indicum using a de-replication strategy by coupling Liquid Chromatography Orbitrap HRMS with a molecular network approach. This study also evaluated the total phenolic contents (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteu method, Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, while the scavenging activity against DPPH radical method was used to determine the antioxidant activity and the inhibition of α-glucosidase was conducted using α-glucosidase assay. The studies showed that there were diverse families of metabolites were putatively identified in C. indicum such as flavonoids and derivates, amino acids, fatty acids and derivates, phenol and derivates, terpenoids, and glucose. The detailed metabolites in extract were approached using application of molecular networking. In agreement with the molecular networking, the extract exerted strong antioxidant activity with % inhibition value of 76.20±1.35 at 100 µg/mL. Whereas, the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity showed good activity with % inhibition value of 83.04±0.52 at 50 µg/mL. The results of this study provide a new metabolite library for C. indicum ethanol extract as well as the confirmation of some of its biological activities. Keywords: Chrysanthemum, profiling metabolites, LC-HRMS
Effect of Cosolvent and Polymer HPMC P.603/PVA-based Lamotrigine Orodispersible Film: Optimization and Physicochemical Characterization
ABSTRACT. Lamotrigine (LTG), classified as BCS class II, is dissolved in cosolvent ethanol (EtOH) or ethyl acetate (EA) to enhance solubility. The objectives of this study are to identify the appropriate formulation of LTG orodispersible film (OF) based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Pharmacoat® 603 and polyvinyl alcohol (HPMC P.603/PVA) polymer with EtOH or EA solvency using Central Composite Design in Response Surface Methodology (CCD-RSM). An experimental approach was utilized to investigate the effect of cosolvent amount and HPMC P.603/PVA ratios on the film disintegration time (DT) and folding endurance (FE). The optimized OF-EA composition was 0.46 HPMC P.603/PVA ratio and 3.66% EA with a desirability of 0.817. In comparison, the optimal OF-EtOH composition was 0.87 HPMC P.603/PVA ratio and 6.19% EtOH with a desirability of 0.843. The characteristic data for the optimal formulas include: OF-EtOH: weight variation 92.05±4.81 mg, thickness 0.15±0.01 mm, DT 36.11±1.48 sec, and FE 310.33±5.03; and OF-EA: weight variation 93.72±1.50 mg, thickness 0.16±0.00 mm, DT 26.73±3.32 sec, and FE 470.6±37.44. Based on the OF-EtOH FE, the HPMC P.603/PVA ratio had a greater effect compared to the amount of EtOH (p<0.05). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that the amount of EA had a greater impact compared to the HPMC P.603/PVA ratio, with statistical significance (p<0.05). The EtOH cosolvent was preferable to EA based on the LTG solubility and OF dissolution profile. LTG OF had favorable physicochemical properties and showed promise as a rapid-dissolving formulation for therapeutic purposes. Keywords: Central composite design, cosolvency, disintegration time, folding endurance, oral film.
Computational Study on Apoptosis-Inducing Factor (AIF)-Mediated Modulation of Menadione using Molecular Docking and Parametrized Quantum Methods
ABSTRACT. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a protein that is crucial for apoptosis which its dysregulation has been connected to the emergence of cancer. Mitochondria are organelles that in healthy cells function as energy factories that are important for maintaining cell life. AIF is located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space with active sites, namely FAD and NADH. Meanwhile in the recent studies, quinone compounds have shown potential as anti-cancer agents by targeting mitochondrial function, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we used computational methods, including molecular docking and the Divide-and-Conquer Density Functional Tight-Binding Molecular Dynamics (DCDFTBMD) method, a type of parametrized quantum calculation, to investigate the interaction between mitochondrial AIF and menadione, as a quinone compound with anticancer potential. From the calculation result, AIF interaction with menadione was stronger in the FAD domain than in NADH. The partial charges of the ligands before and after the interactions were calculated using the DCDFTBMD technique, and the results show that the charge in the bonding area becomes more negative. This indicates the strengthening of electrostatic interactions through polarization effects in the bonding molecule. Additionally, it was discovered through this study's data that all ligands interacted with the ser-175 residue in the AIF protein. These residues are modulated by the involvement of AIF in the cell death process. From this study, it can be concluded that menadione has the potential as an anticancer agent through the AIF modulation mechanism. Keywords: AIF, enzyme-catalyzed modulation, docking, quantum parametrization, menadione
Band Gap Energy of Some Kekuléan Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon as Finite-Size Graphene: A DFT Study
Abstract. The effect of size and shapes of some Kekuléan Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) were studied using the density functional theory with B3LYP hybrid function and LANL2DZ basis set using Gaussian09 software program. Four different geometries of PAH: Linear (L), Hexagonal (H), Zigzag (Z) and Rhombus (R) were evaluated. The results showed that band gap energy (Eg) tends to decrease as the size of the increase, but some geometry decrease faster. Simple analysis also showed that |log(N)| = o(Eg(N)) for L, H and R geometries, indicating that Eg will become 0 for a finite size. These trends indicate that PAH size and shape can be tuned to modulate electronic properties and redox behavior, offering routes to optimize PAH-based anodes for LIBs. In terms of industrial relevance, the ability to tailor Eg​ through geometry provides design guidelines to achieve higher energy density, faster charging, and improved cycling stability, while potentially enabling scalable and cost-effective synthesis and processing of carbon-based organic electrode materials. The findings support the development of PAH-based anodes as a viable pathway to enhance performance and manufacturability in lithium-ion battery technology. Keywords: Density functional theory, electronic structure, energy materials, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, shape effect, size effect
DFT-Based Study of Phenolic-Derived From Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans): Promising Bioreductants for Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles
ABSTRACT. The manufacture of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be synthesized by reducing silver ions Ag+ to Ag0 by a reductant. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) fruit extract has the potential as a natural reductant (bioreductant) that can donate electrons to reduce Ag+ as a ligand and capping agent. This study aims to identify the potential of the bioactive compounds in Myristica fragrans (Mf) extract for the green synthesis of AgNPs using several parameters, including total energy, HOMO-LUMO, Fukui function, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), global reactivity, and UV/Vis theoretical spectral analysis. The method used is Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Becke-3-parameter Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) hybrid functionals, using the 6-31G (d,p) basis set for hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O) atoms, and the LanL2Dz for the silver (Ag) atom. The results of the study indicate that single bioactive compounds eugenol, chalcone, carvacrol, and terpineol, as well as eugenol-Ag, chalcone-Ag, carvacrol-Ag, and terpineol-Ag complexes, are good reducing agents in the process of reducing Ag+ ions to Ag0 as AgNPs. In addition, these phen-Ag complexes show electron excitation at UV/Vis spectrophotometric simulation in the 454-473 nm wavelength range. This study provides a theoretical understanding of Ag+ reduction by bioactive compounds in Mf extract for green synthesis of AgNPs, thereby providing a scientific basis for developing green methods for eco-friendly, sustainable AgNP synthesis. Keyword: Bioreductant, DFT, green synthesis, Myristica fragrans, silver nanoparticles. .
Some Morphological and Physiological Characters of Vanda bensonii Bateman Seedlings under Colchicine Application
ABSTRACT. Vanda bensonii is an orchid species of some potentials to develop, one of which is by means of induced mutation resulting in polyploid individuals. Such individuals usually exhibit better phenotypical performance than that of the normal diploids. This can be performed by the application of antimitotic chemicals such as colchicine. This study aims to know the effect of colchicine on some morphological and physiological characters of V. bensonii seedlings and to find out the effective concentration in producing the most promising ideal phenotypical performance of the orchid species. The study was conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory, the Faculty of Biology, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman by using an experimental method arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with treatments consisting of five colchicine concentrations, i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 µM. Each treatment was subjected to five replications giving rise to a total of 25 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an F test of 0.05 and 0.01. Further analysis using Tukey test of 0.05 was performed when significant differences among treatments were found. The results show that colchicine significantly reduces plant height of V. bensonii, in which control plant shows taller in comparison to all treatments. Similarly, it is also the case with chlorophyll a content, while there is no significant effect of colchicine on leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, shoot number, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents. Nevertheless, colchicine concentration of 60 µM is found most effective in increasing shoot number. It can be concluded that colchicine has significant effects on chlorophyll a content of V. bensonii, implying its potential application to create mutants of better performance. Keywords: colchicine, morphological characters, physiological characters, polyploid, Vanda bensonii
Optimization of Silver Doping on Natural Dye Mixed Chlorophyll-Anthocyanin on The Efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to incorporate silver (Ag) in the mixture of chlorophyll-anthocyanin dyes to improve DSSC efficiency. This research evaluated the impacts of various natural dye modifications with different concentrations of Ag incorporation on the DSSC performance. Here, anthocyanin (A) was extracted from butterfly pea flowers, while chlorophyll (C) was extracted from spinach leaves. The two dyes were mixed with a volume ratio of (anthocyanin: chlorophyll) 1:3. From the ratio of anthocyanin: chlorophyll, the extraction of anthocyanin solution is 25% and chlorophyll is 75%. Ag was incorporated into the dye mixture (AC) with distinct concentrations of 0%, 3%, and 5%. The dyes were characterized using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Keithley I-V meter to investigate their optical and conductivity properties. The DSSC performance was assessed with a Keithley I-V meter. The yields exhibited that the Ag incorporation improved the absorbances and widened the absorption area of the AC dyes as compared to the single and mixed dyes without Ag addition. Further, the results demonstrated that Ag incorporation enhanced the conductivity of the AC dyes, showing that the values were 4.43×10⁻² (Ωm)⁻¹, 6.46×10⁻² (Ωm)⁻¹, and 8,21×10⁻² (Ωm)⁻¹ for 0%, 3%, and 5% Ag incorporation. Moreover, the conversion efficiency values obtained by DSSCs prepared with AC dyes, Ag-incorporated AC 3%, and Ag-incorporated AC 5% were 0.073%, 0.209%, and 0.111%, respectively that Ag incorporation could significantly advance the DSSC performance. This study found that the AC dyes incorporated with 3% Ag were he optimal composition to produce the optimal DSSC performance. Keywords: anthocyanin, chlorophyll, DSSC, dye, silver
Enhanced Microwave Absorbing Characteristics of Cerium Barium Ferrite Composite: Effect of Sintering Temperature Variation
ABSTRACT. Cerium barium ferrite composites (CeBFCs) with improved microwave absorbance in the X-band spectral region are advantageous for varied advanced applications. Thus, the influence of various sintering temperatures on the microwave-absorbing traits of CeBFCs was evaluated. The main objective was to enhance the selective microwave absorption of BFC by modifying its magnetic properties through the substitution of Fe³⁺ with Ce³⁺ in the lattice structures. Four composites of CeBF were synthesized via mechanical alloying and sintered at 600, 800, 1000, and 1100°C. The produced samples were analyzed using XRD, VSM, and VNA to determine their microstructures, magnetic properties, and microwave reflection loss at X-band frequencies. XRD results revealed a significant promotion in forming a more pure crystalline barium hexaferrite phase at sintering temperatures higher than 800°C. This structural enhancement could directly influence the magnetic properties of the specimens with a progressive increase in the saturation magnetization with rising sintering temperature. In addition, the sintering temperature variation effectively modulated the electromagnetic properties (complex relative permeability and permittivity) that are vital for impedance matching and optimal wave absorption. The composite sintered at 1000°C displayed an optimal microwave absorption, indicating the lowest reflection loss within the X-band. The obtained products were shown to attenuate and dissipate surplus electromagnetic energy within the 8-12 GHz frequency range. The observed superior performance of the composites was ascribed to a balanced interplay between the magnetic and dielectric losses, leading to efficient impedance matching. It was affirmed that careful tuning of the sintering temperature can improve the crystalline phases, magnetic, electromagnetic, and microwave absorption properties of the proposed CeBFCs. Keywords: Cerium barium ferrite, Microwave absorption, Reflection loss, Sintering temperature, X-band
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Methoxylated Chalcones in Breast Cancer MCF-7 and Prostate Cancer DU-145 Cell Lines
Chalcones, a class of naturally occurring compounds, exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer properties. In this study, a series of methoxylated chalcones were synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation and evaluated for cytotoxic activity against breast cancer MCF-7 and prostate cancer DU-145 cell lines. The synthetic route involved Claisen-Schmidt condensation, leading to various methoxy-substituted chalcone derivatives. The structures of the synthesized chalcones were confirmed through NMR and mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the PrestoBlue assay, with 4-bromochalcone (compound 2) displaying the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cancer cell lines (IC50 = 26.99 µM). These results indicate that methoxylated chalcones hold promise as potential lead compounds for the development of new anticancer agents targeting breast and prostate cancer.
Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction: Phytochemistry and Bioactivities of Essential Oil from Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, L. in Banyuwangi
ABSTRACT. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, L. is a member of the Verbenaceae family. It is a medicinal plant easily found on vacant land and in rice fields in Banyuwangi. The present study is the first detail reported to examine the phytochemical compound and bioactivities of essential oil from S. jamaicensis L., using solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME). Forty chemical compounds were identified in the inflorescence and thirty in the leaves. β-caryophyllene, fulvoipolamiide, hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, t-phytol, neophytadiene, and squalene were identified in inflorescence oil. In contrast to the inflorescence, where these compounds were present in minor amounts, fulvoipolamiide, t-phytol, and squalene were the predominant components in the leaf oil. The IC50 values of leaves and inflorescence essential oils were 30.566 mg/mL and 52.510 mg/mL, respectively. Based on IC50 values, leaf essential oils have stronger antioxidant potential than inflorescence. Antibacterial and antifungal tests indicated that the leaf essential oil possesses greater antimicrobial efficacy than that of the inflorescence. These findings suggest that the essential oil of S. jamaicensis is a promising source of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal agents, and holds potential for future pharmaceutical applications. Keywords: antibacterial; antifungal; antioxidant; medicinal plant
The Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Myristica fragrans and Their Cytotoxic Effects on B16-F10 Melanoma Cancer Cell Lines
Phenolic compounds are a major type of secondary metabolite found in plants. These compounds are synthesized through shikimic and phenylpropanoid pathways, resulting in the formation of numerous unique structures and bioactivities. In addition, a significant amount has been reported in nutmeg, an endemic plant of Indonesia, which has been widely used in traditional medicine. A previous study also revealed that ethyl acetate extract of the plant has notable cytotoxic effects against melanoma B16-F10. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to isolate and evaluate phenolic compounds in nutmeg for their potential to inhibit B16-F10 melanoma cancer cell growth. The seeds extract of nutmeg was separated by various chromatographic techniques to yield a total of five compounds, which were identified through spectroscopic analysis (HR-TOF-ESI-MS, IR, and NMR) as well as comparison with literature. The compounds 1-5 were identified as (+)-veraguensin (1), 3',4',5'-trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol (2), (+)-galbegin (3), (-)-polysphorin (4), and 7-methoxycoumarin (5). Cytotoxic effects were then assayed against B16-F10 melanoma cell lines using the Resazurin method. Furthermore, compound 1 displayed the highest cytotoxic activity, with an IC50 value of 112.71 µM.
Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Peptides Kacang Goat Milk and African Dwarf Breed Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum
ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of bioactive peptides derived from African Dwarf crossbreed and Kacang goat milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum. Bioactive peptide fractions were obtained using Sephadex G-25 column separation, and their antibacterial activity was assessed using the well diffusion assay. Inhibition zones were measured at different fermentation times to compare the activity profiles between the two probiotic strains. Fermentation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum produced bacteriostatic effects, with inhibition zones ranging from 1.10 mm to 1.77 mm and activity persisting up to 24–36 hours, depending on strain and fermentation condition. These findings show that goat milk fermented for 12–18 hours is capable of producing bacteriocin-rich peptide fractions with antibacterial potential. Keywords: Antibacterial, Bifidobacterium longum, Bioactive peptides, Goat milk, Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Colletotrichum sp. from Nutmeg Leaves Shows Antiproliferative Activity Against MCF-7 Cancer Cells: In Vitro Evaluation, Metabolite Profiling, and Docking Analysis
ABSTRACT. Endophytic fungi are recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with significant therapeutic potential, with species from the genus Colletotrichum being particularly noted for their prolific production of structurally diverse secondary metabolites. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp., isolated from the leaves of Myristica fragrans Houtt., commonly known as nutmeg against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells using an integrated in vitro and in silico approach. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the fungal extract followed by LC-HRMS analysis led to the identification of three major compounds: 2-amino-1,3,4-octadecanetriol, L-α-palmitin, and muscone-like compound. The antiproliferative activity of each subfraction was assessed using the MTT assay, while molecular docking studies were conducted to evaluate their binding affinities and interaction profiles with estrogen receptor α (ERα). Among the tested subfractions, F2.3 demonstrated the strongest antiproliferative activity, reducing MCF-7 cell viability to 22.08% at a concentration of 50 µg mL-1. The identified compounds demonstrated notable antiproliferative potential, with L-α-Palmitin showing the moderate binding affinity to ERα as indicated by a binding energy of -6.406 kcal mol-1. Molecular docking analyses revealed key interactions, including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts, contributing to receptor-ligand stability. These findings highlight Colletotrichum sp. as a promising source of antiproliferative agents, thus warranting further investigation into the isolation, structural characterization, and in vivo validation of its active constituents for potential pharmaceutical development. Keywords: antiproliferative, Colletotrichum sp., endophytic fungi, LC-HRMS, Myristica fragrans Houtt., secondary metabolites.
Development and Validation of Zerumbone Analysis Method Using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry
ABSTRACT. Analytical method development ensures that an analytical procedure is suitable for the identification and quantification of compounds of interest. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple, cost-effective analytical method for the determination of zerumbone using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Method validation was conducted according to ICH Q2(R2) guidelines, including tests for specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, and precision. Zerumbone exhibited a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of 212 nm when dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The method demonstrated excellent linearity with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9991 across a concentration range of 10-50 μg/mL. Accuracy, evaluated via recovery studies, ranged from 91,00% to 110,45%. Precision testing results in a % RSD of 0.58%. The calculated LOD and LOQ were 1.55 μg/mL and 4.70 μg/mL, respectively. This validated method is simple, rapid, and economical, making it a promising alternative for zerumbone analysis in quality control laboratories. Keywords: Zerumbone, Method Development, UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Validation, ICH Guidelines.