Analyzing the Rationality of Ethiopia in Dealing with China’s Support in Infrastructure Development
The Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway Case
Abstract
This article analyzes the rationality of Ethiopia in cooperating with China in restoring the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway project using rational choice theory in foreign policy making. Despite having several alternative ports and other parties to support the project, Ethiopia has chosen the fund from China to support its railway project. The similarity between China and Ethiopia regarding political values is one of the factors in choosing China to work with. The Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) seems to be unapproachable by Western political values that are influenced by the internal condition of the state and tend to emphasize democracy. Therefore, it tends to work with China. Other than that, depending on Djibouti’s port as the most viable seaport in the region to access the sea as a landlocked country has driven Ethiopia to restore the railway as quickly as possible. By considering the Chinese loan system, which did not have many qualifications to lend money, Ethiopia could quickly restore the railway and not miss out on the opportunity to grow its trade through developing its infrastructure.
Keywords: African infrastructure development, China’s loan, China in Africa, rational choice
References
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Weng, L., Xue, L., Sayer, J., Riggs, R. A., Langston, J. D., & Boedhihartono, A. K. (2021). Challenges faces by Chinese firms implementing the 'Belt and Road Initiative': Evidence from three railways projects. Research in Globalization, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100074
Wethal, U. (2019). Building Africa's Infrastructure: Reinstating History in Infrastructure Debates. Forum for Development Studies, 46(3), 473-499. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/08039410.2019.1616609
Xu, Z. P., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Can Chinese aid win the hearts and minds of Africa's local population? Economic Modelling, 90, 321-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.017
Yalew, M. T., & Changgang, G. (2020). China's 'Belt and Road Initiative': Implication for Landlocked Ethiopia. Insight on Africa, 12(2), 175-193. 10.1177/0975087819891538
Yankson, P. W. K., Asiedu, A. B., Owusu, K., Urban, F., & Siciliano, G. (2018). The livelihood challenges of resettled communities of the Bui dam project in Ghana and the role of Chinese dam-builders. Development Policy Review, 36, 476-494. 10.1111/dpr.12259
Newspaper Article: Online
Asmelash, S. (2019, January 4). (Al Ahram Weekly) Bab Al-Mandeb Strait: Sino-American duel in the Red Sea. Dehai News. http://dehai.org/dehai/dehai-news/299181.
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Allison, G. T., & Zelikow, P. (1999). Essence of decision (2nd ed.). Longman.
Oppenheimer, J. (2012). Principles of Politics: A Rational Choice Theory Guide to Politics and Social Justice. Cambridge University Press.
Chapter in Book
Hindmoor, A., & Taylor, B. (2018). Rational Choice. In Theory and Methods in Political Science (4th ed., pp. 39-53). Palgrave.
Morin, J.F., & Paquin, J. (2018). How Does Rationality Apply to FPA and What Are Its Limitations? In Foreign Policy A Toolbox (pp. 217-254). Springer Nature
Snidal, D. (2013). Rational Choice and International Relations. In Handbook of International Relations (2nd ed., pp. 85-111). SAGE Publications.
Wittek, R. (2013). Rational Choice Theory. In Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia (pp. 688-689). SAGE Publication Inc. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/obo/page/sociology
Journal
Arriola, L., & Lyons, T. (2016). Ethiopia: The 100% Election. Journal of Democracy, 27(1), 76-88. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/ethiopia-the-100-election/
Africa Research Bulletin. (2015). Roads and Railways: Djibouti Ethiopia. Africa Research Bulletin Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 52(5), 20858. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2015.06467.x
Africa Research Bulletin. (2017). Djibouti-Ethiopia: A High Speed Link Opens the Region to Trade and Opportunities. Africa Research Bulletin Economic, Financial and Technical Series, 54(1), 21579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2017.07539.x
Cheru, F. (2016). Emerging Southern powers and new forms of South–South cooperation: Ethiopia’s strategic engagement with China and India. Third World Quarterly, 37(4), 592-610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1116368.
Donou-Adonsou, F., & Lim, S. (2018). On the importance of Chinese investment in Africa. Review of Development Finance, 8, 63-73. ScienceDirect. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2018.05.003
Ehizuelen, M. M. O. (2017). More African countries on the route: the positive and negative impacts of the Belt and Road Initiative. Transnational Corporations Review, 9(4), 341-359. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/19186444.2017.1401260
Fei, D. (2021). Networked Internationalization: Chinese Companies in Ethiopia's Infrastructure Construction Sector. The Professional Geographer, 73(2), 322-332. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/00330124.2020.1844572
Fornasier, M., & Franklin, S. (2019). Governance, rational choice and new public management: a general view (and some critics). Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos, 119(2), 327-362. https://doi.org/10.9732/P.0034-7191.2019V119P327
Goode, W. J. (1997). Rational Choice Theory. The American Sociologist, 28, 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-997-1004-5.
Grimm, S. (2014). China-Africa Cooperation: promises, practice and prospects. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 993-1011. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/10670564.2014.898886.
Hagmann, T., & Abbink, J. (2011). Twenty years of revolutionary democratic Ethiopia, 1991 to 2011. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 5(4), 579-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.642515.
Hermann, M. G. (2001). How Decision Units Shape Foreign Policy: A Theoretical Framework. International Studies Review, 3(2), 47-81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3186565.
Leviker, K. (2021). Ethiopia: The Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway. In International Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative (pp. 245-262). Routledge.
Lisinge, R. T. (2020). The Belt and Road Initiative and Africa's regional infrastructure development: implications and lessons. Transnational Corporations Review, 12(4), 425-438. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/19186444.2020.1795527
Marson, M., Maggi, E., & Scacchi, M. (2021). Financing African Infrastructure: The role of China in African railways. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, 101-111.
Mishra, R.N., & Singh, S. (2008). Defense and security problems of land-locked countries (LLCs). India Quarterly, 64(3), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/097492840806400303
Mlambo, C., Kushamba, A., & Simawu, M. B. (2016). China-Africa Relations: What Lies Beneath? The Chinese Economy, 49(4), 257-276. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/10971475.2016.1179023
Mohapatra, D. R. (2016, January). An Economic Analysis of Djibouti - Ethiopia Railway Project. European Academic Research, 3(10), 11376-11400. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.33952.20480
Novelli, D. H. (2018). Rationalism in International Relations: Concepts, Theoretical Limits and Criticism. InterAção, 9(1), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.5902/2357797533219
Otele, O. M. (2020). China, region-centric infrastructure drives and regionalism in Africa. South African Journal of International Affairs, 27(4), 511-532. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/10220461.2020.1856179
Petracca, M. P. (1991). The Rational Choice Approach to Politics: A Challenge to Democratic Theory. The Review of Politics, 53(2), 289-319. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1407756
Qobo, M., & le Pere, G. (2018). The Role of China in Africa's Industrialization: The Challenge of Building Global Value Chains. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(110), 208-223. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/10670564.2018.1389016
Takele, T. B., & Tolcha, T. D. (n.d.). Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 15(0). https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v15i0.567
Tarrosy, I. (2020). China's Belt and Road Initiative in Africa, Debt Risk and New Dependency: The Case of Ethiopia. African Studies Quarterly, 9(3-4), 8-28
Wang, F., & Elliot, E. A. (2014). China in Africa: presence, perceptions and prospects. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1012-1032. 10.1080/10670564.2014.898888
Weng, L., Xue, L., Sayer, J., Riggs, R. A., Langston, J. D., & Boedhihartono, A. K. (2021). Challenges faces by Chinese firms implementing the 'Belt and Road Initiative': Evidence from three railways projects. Research in Globalization, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100074
Wethal, U. (2019). Building Africa's Infrastructure: Reinstating History in Infrastructure Debates. Forum for Development Studies, 46(3), 473-499. Taylor & Francis Online. 10.1080/08039410.2019.1616609
Xu, Z. P., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Can Chinese aid win the hearts and minds of Africa's local population? Economic Modelling, 90, 321-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.017
Yalew, M. T., & Changgang, G. (2020). China's 'Belt and Road Initiative': Implication for Landlocked Ethiopia. Insight on Africa, 12(2), 175-193. 10.1177/0975087819891538
Yankson, P. W. K., Asiedu, A. B., Owusu, K., Urban, F., & Siciliano, G. (2018). The livelihood challenges of resettled communities of the Bui dam project in Ghana and the role of Chinese dam-builders. Development Policy Review, 36, 476-494. 10.1111/dpr.12259
Newspaper Article: Online
Asmelash, S. (2019, January 4). (Al Ahram Weekly) Bab Al-Mandeb Strait: Sino-American duel in the Red Sea. Dehai News. http://dehai.org/dehai/dehai-news/299181.
Barboza, D. (2010, August 15). China Passes Japan to Become No. 2 Economy. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/16/business/global/16yuan.html.
Tarrosy, I., Vörös, Z., & Strangio, S. (2018, February 13). China and Ethiopia, Part 1: The Light Railway System. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/china-and-ethiopia-part-1-the-light-railway-system/.
Congestion at Mombasa port to blame for slow pace of Kenya's growth into regional hub. (2010, June 6). Business Daily. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/industry/congestion-at-mombasa-port-to-blame-for-slow-pace-of-kenya-s-growth-into-regional-hub-1963572.
Nyabiage, J. (2021, March 8). Can China keep investment strategy on track as Ethiopian railways hit buffers? South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3124301/can-china-keep-investment-strategy-track-ethiopian-railways.
Website
Africa Manager. (2014, October 16). Ethiopia: Ethiopia singles out railway project as biggest infrastructure project. African Manager. https://en.africanmanager.com/ethiopia-ethiopia-singles-out-railway-project-as-biggest-infrastructure-project/
Borgo, P. O. (2011, April 4). A balance between public and private sector roles : the key to a successful rail concession – Private Sector & Development. Private Sector & Development. https://blog.private-sector-and-development.com/2011/04/04/balance-between-public-and-private-sector-roles/
Brautigam, D., & Hwang, J. (2020). China-Africa Loan Database Research Guidebook. SAIS China-Africa Research Initiative. http://www.sais-cari.org/s/ChinaLoansToAfricaSAIS-CARI-10_7_2021.zip
Gelpern, A., Horn, S., Morris, S., Parks, B., & Trebesch, C. (2021, March). How China Lends A Rare Look into 100 Debt Contracts with Foreign Governments. AidData at William & Mary. https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/datasets/how_china_lends_dataset_version_1_0.zip
Government of Ethiopia. (2010). Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Growth and Transformation Plan. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS). Retrieved October, 2022, from https://rise.esmap.org/data/files/library/ethiopia/Ethiopia%20Growth%20and%20Transformation%20Plan%20I.pdf
Horn of Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya), (2021). https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/countries/horn-africa.html
The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. (2007, December). Briefing Memorandum: The Djibouti-Ethiopia Railway. In ICA Meeting; Financing Transport for Growth in Africa. https://www.icafrica.org/fileadmin/documents/Transport_Meeting/S4-Djibouti-Ethiopia_Railway-Final-EN.pdf
International Trade Centre. (2020). Trade Map - List of importing markets for a product exported by Ethiopia. Trademap.org. https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c231%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1
Snow, T., Faye, M., McArthur, J., & Sachs, J. (2003). Country case studies on the challenges facing landlocked developing countries | Human Development Reports. Human Development Reports. https://hdr.undp.org/content/country-case-studies-challenges-facing-landlocked-developing-countries
United Nations Security Council. (1992). Security Council Committee pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia | United Nations Security Council. the United Nations. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/751
World Integrated Trade Solution. (n.d.). Ethiopia(excludes Eritrea) Trade Summary 2010 | WITS | Text. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Retrieved October 20, 2022, from https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/ETH/Year/2010/SummaryText
Published
2023-04-26
How to Cite
HAIRISA, Ahda Ayudia; FARID, Muhammad.
Analyzing the Rationality of Ethiopia in Dealing with China’s Support in Infrastructure Development.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 54-68, apr. 2023.
ISSN 2597-9868.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/7493>. Date accessed: 09 may 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2023.10.1.7493.
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