U.S. Economic Diplomacy towards Japan in Resolving Beef Tariff Barriers
Abstract
The United States (US) is one of beef exporting countries in Japan. The high level of demand for beef in Japan was followed by a decrease in the volume of US beef from Japan during 2017-2020 period caused by import barriers in the form of tariffs faced by US beef. These tariff barriers arise because the US does not have a trade agreement with Japan. This study aims to discuss the efforts made by the US through negotiating tariff barriers with Japan regarding beef exports. This study uses the concepts of economic diplomacy and trade theory as the basis for research analysis. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection through documentation study. The results of this study indicate that the US effort in negotiating tariff barriers with Japan is to form a bilateral trade agreement, namely the US-Japan Trade Agreement (USJTA) which uses the stages of decision-making in economic diplomacy in its formation. Through this effort, the US successfully lowered its beef import tariffs in Japan and leveled its beef competitive level with the CPTPP member countries. In the formation of the USJTA, various actors are involved, both state and non-state actors. Efforts to negotiate tariff barriers on beef exports by the US and Japan succeeded in increasing US beef exports after the establishment of the USJTA began to be implemented on January 1, 2020.
Keywords: economic diplomacy, export, tariff barriers, United States
References
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Hoda, A. (2018). Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO. World Trade Organization.
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Lee, D., & Hocking, B. (2010). Economic Diplomacy. The International Studies Encyclopedia, 2, 1216-1227.
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Muhammad, A., Heerman, K., Melton, A., & Dyck, J. (2016). Tariffs Reforms and the Competitiveness of U.S Beef in Japan. United States Department of Agriculture .
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Interview
Schuele, Joe. (2022, 4 March). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, (Interviewer).
Jordan, Steven. (2022, 5 Mei). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, Interviewer).
Jones, Jeff. (2022, 5 Mei). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, Interviewer).
Bayne, N., & Woolcock, S. (2017). The New Economic Diplomacy. London: Routledge.
Bayne, N., & Woolcock, S. (2017). The New Economic Diplomacy. London: Routledge.
Becker, G. S. (2005). Japan-U.S. Beef Trade Issues. CRS Report for Congress.
Berridge, G. (2015). Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bossche, P. v. (2005). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bown, C. P. (2015). Trade Policyy Instrument Over Time. In Lisa L. Martin (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of The Political Economy of International Trade, pp. 57-76. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods 4th Edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Firza, H. B. (2020). Strategi Negosiasi Jepang dalam Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Paicif Partnership (CPTPP). Insignia: Journal of International Relations, 7(2), 91-104.
Hoda, A. (2018). Tariff Negotiations and Renegotiations under the GATT and the WTO. World Trade Organization.
Gorman, W., Mori, H., & Lin, B.-H. (1990). Beef in Japan: The Challenge for United States Exports. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 21(1), 17-29.
Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2018). International Trade: Theory and Policy, 11th edition. London: Pearson.
Lee, D., & Hocking, B. (2010). Economic Diplomacy. The International Studies Encyclopedia, 2, 1216-1227.
Malik, N. (2017). Ekonomi Internasional. Malang: UMM Press.
Manasserian, T. (2017). Economic diplomacy: from theory to real life. Alternative, 3, 1-8.
Miyazaki, A. (1987). Research opportunities in beef export countries: US and Pacific RIM countries. University of Arizona.
Muhammad, A., Countryman, A., & Heerman, K. (2017). Effects of Tariff Concessions on Japanese Beef Imports by Product and Source. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, 47(1), 1-20.
Muhammad, A., Heerman, K., Melton, A., & Dyck, J. (2016). Tariffs Reforms and the Competitiveness of U.S Beef in Japan. United States Department of Agriculture .
Sawatzki, K. (2019). Feeding the World through Economic Diplomacy. The Foreign Service Journal.
USDA.gov. (2015). Accessed from https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2015/11/19/fact-sheet-trans-pacific-partnership-and-japan-key-outcomes.
Wahl, T., William, G. W., & Hayes, D. J. (1989). 1988 Japanese Beef Market Access Agreement: Forecast Simulation Analysis. Occasional Paper Series No. 5 197681, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
Yusuf, A. M. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan Penelitian Gabungan. Jakarta: Kencana.
Zartman, I. W. (2016). Diplomacy and Negotiation. In C. Constantinou, P. Kerr, & P. Sharp (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Diplomacy, pp. 207-219. London: SAGE Publication Ltd.
Official Reports
govinfo.gov. (2019). “Joint Statement by President Trump and Prime Minister Abe Shinzo of Japan.” Accessed from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/DCPD-201900664/pdf/DCPD-201900664.pdf
Marie, K. (2018). “US Agricultural Exports to Japan Remain Promising.” FAS USDA. Accessed from https://www.fas.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/2018-05_japan_atm_iatr.pdf.
Obara, K., McConell, M., & Dyck, J. (2010). Japan's Beef Market. Economic Research Service/USDA. Accessed from https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/outlooks/37410/8501_ldpm19401_1_.pdf?v=4515.6.
trumpwhitehouse.archive.gov. (2017, January 23). “Presidential Memorandum Regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement.” Accessed from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-regarding-withdrawal-united-states-trans-pacific-partnership-negotiations-agreement/
U.S. Trade Representatives. (2017). “About Us: Benefits of Trade.” Accessed from Office of The United States Trade Representatives (USTR): https://ustr.gov/about-us/benefits-trade
USDA FAS. (2017). “2016 Market Situation Summary and 2017 Outlook.” FAS USDA. Accessed from https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Livestock%20and%20Products%20Semi-annual_Tokyo_Japan_2-27-2017.pdf.
USDA, FAS. (2018). “CPTPP Changes to Japanese Beef Market.” Accessed from https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=CPTPP%20Changes%20to%20Japanese%20Beef%20Market_Tokyo_Japan_12-14-2018.pdf
USDA, FAS. (2020). “Livestock and Products Semi-Annual Japan.” Accessed from https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/japan-livestock-and-products-semi-annual-7.
USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2018). “Japan Livestock and Products Semi-annual 2017 Market Situation Summary and 2018 Outlook.” Accessed from https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Livestock%20and%20Products%20Semi-annual_Tokyo_Japan_2-14-2018.pdf.
USTR. (2018, Desember 7). “Public Hearing on Negotiating Objectives for U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement.” Accessed from https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2018/december/public-hearing-negotiating
ustr.gov. (2018, December). “U.S.-Japan Trade Agreement: Public Hearing Panel Schedule.” Accessed from https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/U.S.-Japan_Trade%20Agreement_12.10_Public_Hearing_Schedule.pdf
ustr.gov. (2018). “United States-Japan Trade Agreement (USJTA) Negotiations.” Accessed from https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2018.12.21_Summary_of_U.S.-Japan_Negotiating_Objectives.pdf
USTR.gov. (2019, April). Accessed from dari https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/april/statement-ustr-meetings-discuss
Website Articles
CIA.gov. (2017). “GDP-composition, by sector of origin.” Accessed from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/.
Cook, R. (2022, 13 May). “World Beef Imports: Ranking Of Countries.” Accessed from https://beef2live.com/story-world-beef-imports-ranking-countries-0-106900#:~:text=China%20was%20the%20largest%20beef,South%20Korea%20and%20Hong%20Kong.&text=world's%20beef%20imports-,China%20was%20the%20largest%20beef%20importer%20in%20the%20world%20in,So.
crsreports.congress.gov. (2019, December). ““Stage One” U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements.” Accessed from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46140.
Bureau, A. F. (2019). “Farmers commend agreement on Japanese trade deal.” Accessed from https://www.idahofb.org/news-room/posts/farmers-commend-agreement-on-japanese-trade-deal/.
CIA.gov. (2017). “GDP-composition, by sector of origin.” Accessed from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/.
Fortune, A. (2018, Desember 13). “US Beef Industry Seots Out Japan Trade Goals.” Accessed from Food Navigator USA: https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/12/13/Trade-barriers-for-US-beef-in-Japan.
iowaagriculture.gov. (2019). “Secretary Naig and Industry Representatives Comment on Today's Trade Announcements .” Accessed from https://iowaagriculture.gov/news/secretary-naig-trade-announcements.
Kubota , Y., & Mauldin, W. (2017, Juli 28). “Japan Slaps 50% Tariff on Some U.S. Beef.” The World Street Journal. Accessed from https://www.wsj.com/articles/japan-slaps-50-tariff-on-some-u-s-beef-1501224760.
mofa.go.jp. (2019, Agustus 25). “Japan-U.S. Summit Meeting.” Accessed from https://www.mofa.go.jp/na/na1/us/page3e_001098.html.
mofa.go.jp. (2018). “Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement Negotiations.” Accessed from https://www.mofa.go.jp/ecm/ep/page25e_000266.html
mofa.go.jp. (2019, May). “Japan-U.S. Summit Meeting.” Accessed from https://www.mofa.go.jp/na/na1/us/page4e_001022.html
Mofa.go.jp. (2019, 25 August). “Japan-U.S. Summit Meeting.” Accessed from https://www.mofa.go.jp/na/na1/us/page3e_001098.html
Pham, P. (2016). “Why Did Donald Trump Kill This Big Free Trade Deal?” Forbes. Accessed from https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterpham/2017/12/29/why-did-donald-trump-kill-this-big-free-trade-deal/?sh=5d063e329a3e.
Interview
Schuele, Joe. (2022, 4 March). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, (Interviewer).
Jordan, Steven. (2022, 5 Mei). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, Interviewer).
Jones, Jeff. (2022, 5 Mei). Interview. (Andrea Gladys, Interviewer).
Published
2023-04-19
How to Cite
GABRIELLA, Andrea Gladys; DARMASTUTI, Shanti; ASTUTI, Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi.
U.S. Economic Diplomacy towards Japan in Resolving Beef Tariff Barriers.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, p. 38-53, apr. 2023.
ISSN 2597-9868.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/6852>. Date accessed: 14 jan. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2023.10.1.6852.
Section
Articles
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