Pembentukan Persepsi Pengungsi sebagai Ancaman oleh Partai Alternative für Deutschland di Jerman
Abstract
Krisis pengungsi merupakan permasalahan serius yang terus diperdebatkan dalam politik Eropa. Meningkatnya jumlah pengungsi yang masuk ke Eropa sejak tahun 2015 tersebut dikhawatirkan dapat menimbulkan ancaman terhadap aspek-aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Salah satu negara yang menerima jumlah pengungsi terbanyak adalah Jerman. Namun, di awal terjadi krisis pengungsi, Pemerintah Jerman tidak menganggap pengungsi sebagai ancaman, melainkan sebagai korban dari penindasan yang dialami di negara asalnya. Penolakan terhadap masuknya pengungsi ke Jerman justru datang dari partai sayap kanan di Jerman, yaitu Partai Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Berbeda dengan Pemerintah Jerman, Partai AfD berpendapat bahwa pengungsi merupakan ancaman terhadap masyarakat Jerman. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana Partai AfD membentuk persepsi pengungsi sebagai ancaman, sekaligus upaya sekuritisasi yang dilakukan oleh partai. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan konstruktivisme sosial, serta konsep keamanan non-tradisional dan konsep sekuritisasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi Pustaka dan metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode studi kasus, dengan kasus yang diteliti adalah krisis pengungsi di Jerman. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Partai AfD membentuk persepsi bahwa pengungsi merupakan ancaman terhadap identitas kolektif masyarakat Jerman, demografi penduduk, perekonomian Jerman, serta keamanan internal maupun nasional. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa Partai AfD memanfaatkan persepsi pengungsi sebagai ancaman tersebut untuk meraih dukungan suara dalam Pemilu Federal Jerman tahun 2017.
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Alkousaa, R., et al. (24 Agustus 2016). “The Making of Merkel’s Decision to Accept Refugees. Part 2: Before.” Spiegel Online. Diakses dari https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/a-look-back-at-the-refugee-crisis-one-year-later-a-1107986.html.
Bakry, U. M. (2017). Metode Penelitian Hubungan Internasional. Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Birnbaum, M. (3 September 2015). “Smuggling refugees into Europe is a new growth industry.” Washington Post Online. Diakses dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/smuggling-refugees-into-europe-is-a-new-growth-industry/2015/09/03/398c72c4-517f-11e5-b225-90edbd49f362_story.html.
Boulila, S. C., & Carri, C. (2017). On Cologne: Gender, migration and unacknowledged racisms in Germany. European Journal of Women’s Studies 2017, 24(3), 286-293. DOI: 10.1177/135050681771244.
Buzan, Waever, & de Wilde. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
Chase, J. & Goldenberg, R. (28 Oktober 2019). “AfD: What you need to know about Germany's far-right party”. DW Online. Diakses dari https://www.dw.com/en/afd-what-you-need-to-know-about-germanys-far-right-party/a-37208199.
Clayton, J., & Holland, H. (30 Desember 2015). “Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015.” UNHCR. Diakses dari https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2015/12/5683d0b56/million-sea-arrivals-reach-europe-2015.html.
Connolly, K. (3 September 2015). “Germany greets refugees with help and kindness at Munich central station.” The Guardian Online. Diakses dari https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/03/germany-refugees-munich-central-station.
Eddy, M. (19 Desember 2017). “A Year After the Berlin Market Attack, Germany Admits Mistakes”. The New York Times Online. Diakses dari https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/19/world/europe/berlin-attack-memorial.html.
Eurostat. (4 Maret 2016). “Asylum in the EU Member State: Record number of over 1.2 million first time asylum seekers registered in 2015.” Diakses dari https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7203832/3-04032016-AP-EN.pdf/790eba01-381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6.
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Friedman, U. (2 Oktober 2017). “'We Don't Like Islamic Invasion': The Leader of Germany's Rising Right Speaks Out”. The Atlantic. Diakses dari https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/gauland-afd-germany/541530/.
Ginanjar, W., R. (2020). Peran NGO dalam Tata Kelola Global: Keterlibatan Amnesty International. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 7(01), 72-90. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.1.2277.
Gómez, J. P. C. (2019). The securitization of asylum: An analysis of the impact of the 2015-2016 refugee asylum policies in Germany. The Global Migration Research Paper Series, 2.
“How is the migrant crisis dividing EU countries?”. (4 Maret 2016). BBC Online. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34278886.
Karacan, D. B. (2019). The effects of the Syrian refugee crisis on the EU through the lens of social constructivism: the cases of Germany and Hungary. Alternatif Politika, 11(1), pp. 142-167.
Mader, M. & Schoen, H. (2018). The European refugee crisis, party competition, and voters’ responses in Germany. West European Politics. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1490484.
Marzęda-Młynarska, K. (2016). Non-Traditional Security Challenges and Regional Governance: Eu and Asean Answers to The Migration Crisis. Diakses dari http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/CEEISA-ISA-LBJ2016/Archive/ce94d4e8-acac-4564-9a24-430824fffa82.pdf.
“Migrant crisis: Arrival to Greece top 500,000.” (20 Oktober 2015). BBC Online. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34585088.
Mosel, I., et al. (November 2019). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: Germany Country Profile. ODI. Diakses dari https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12970.pdf.
Noack., R. (11 Juli 2016). “Leaked document says 2,000 men allegedly assaulted 1,200 German women on New Year’s Eve”. The Washington Post Online. Diakses dari https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/10/leaked-document-says-2000-men-allegedly-assaulted-1200-german-women-on-new-years-eve/.
Noviana, W. (2018). Pembentukan Persepsi Ancaman Keamanan Manusia Bagi Pengungsi Berdasarkan Tindakan Kekerasan Anti-Imigran di Jerman. Journal of International Relations, 4(3), pp. 436-446.
Otero, G., & Gürcan, E. C. (2016). The Arab Spring and the Syrian refugee crisis. Monitor, 22(5), pp. 16-17.
Pleitgen, F., Hume, P., & McKirdy, E. (26 Juli 2016). “Suicide bomber in Germany pledged allegiance to ISIS leader”. CNN. Diakses dari https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/24/world/ansbach-germany-blast/index.html.
Schmid, C. T. (2016). Germany’s “Open-Door” Policy in Light of the Recent Refugee Crisis: An Interpretive Thematic Content Analysis of Possible Reasons and Underlying Motivations. Linköping University, Linköping, Swedia.
Steinmayr, A. (2017). Did the Refugee Crisis Contribute to the Recent Rise of Far-Right Parties in Europe?. ifo DICE Report 15(4), pp. 24-27. ifo Institut - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, Munich, Jerman.
Talò, T. (2017). Public attitudes to immigration in Germany in the aftermath of the migration crisis. Robert Schuman Center for Advanced Studies, Issue 2017(23).
The Federal Returning Officer. (2017). “Bundestag election 2017”. Diakses dari https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2017/ergebnisse/bund-99.html.
UNHCR. (2011). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Diakses dari https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
UNHCR. (2016). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015. Diakses dari https://www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/576408cd7/unhcr-global-trends-2015.html.
Weber, C. (2016). Queer International Relations: Sovereignty, Sexuality and the Will to Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zayzda, N. A. (2015). Sovereignty and Responsibility in Global Refugee Protection and Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 2(02), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2015. 2.02.4
Published
2020-12-17
How to Cite
JOVITA, Liliana Dea; DEWI, Elisabeth.
Pembentukan Persepsi Pengungsi sebagai Ancaman oleh Partai Alternative für Deutschland di Jerman.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 2, p. 188-205, dec. 2020.
ISSN 2597-9868.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/3485>. Date accessed: 22 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.2.3485.
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