Gender Segregation in the Labour Market in the Indo-Pacific Region: A Case Study of Indonesia, Vietnam, and India
Abstract
Abstracts
Gender segregation manifests in two different ways: horizontal segregation, which reflects the disproportionate representation of women and men in specific jobs or industries, and vertical segregation, which is seen in leadership hierarchies where men dominate managerial roles. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that nearly 100 million women in Asia are degraded due to discriminatory practices. Research from the International Labour Organization (ILO) also revealed job advertisements that were gender-biased and prioritized male candidates, thus perpetuating stereotypical job roles. Focusing on India, Indians, and Vietnam, this research investigates the alarming statistics demonstrating a gender gap. In Vietnam, women hold only a few positions in parliament and face a pay gap based on gender bias. Research in Indonesia highlights that women rarely occupy leadership roles and that working conditions tend to be discriminatory. In India, urban areas experience high gender segregation based on employment gaps. Patriarchal social norms and cultural biases increasingly contribute to women's subordinate roles. Through qualitative research based on library data collection, this research seeks to comprehensively analyze and overcome the complex challenges posed by gender segregation in the labor market in the three Indo-Pacific countries. These three countries are exciting representations of how gender segregation can be seen and depicted in real terms through the very high number of workers in these three countries. This research concludes that gender segregation in the workforce is a fundamental form that is difficult to eradicate. However, a comprehensive multi-sector role can be an alternative form of effort to reduce gender disparities in the workforce.
Keywords: gender segregation, glass ceiling, labor market, Indo-Pacific, the pay gap
Abstrak
Segregasi gender terwujud dalam dua bentuk cara yang berbeda: segregasi horizontal, yang mencerminkan keterwakilan perempuan dan laki-laki yang tidak proporsional dalam pekerjaan atau industri tertentu, dan segregasi vertikal, yang terlihat dalam hierarki kepemimpinan di mana laki-laki mendominasi peran manajerial. Asian Development Bank (ADB) memperkirakan bahwa hampir 100 juta perempuan di Asia terdegradasi karena praktik yang diskriminatif. Penelitian dari International Labour Organization (ILO) juga mengungkapkan iklan pekerjaan yang bias gender dan mengutamakan kandidat laki-laki, sehingga melanggengkan peran pekerjaan yang sifatnya stereotip. Berfokus pada India, India, dan Vietnam, penelitian ini menyelidiki statistik mengkhawatirkan yang menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan gender. Di Vietnam, perempuan hanya menduduki sedikit posisi di parlemen dan menghadapi kesenjangan upah berdasarkan bias gender. Penelitian di Indonesia menyoroti jaranya perempuan menduduki kepemimpinan dan kondisi kerja cenderung diskriminatif. Di India, wilayah perkotaan mengalami segregasi gender yang tinggi berdasarkan kesenjangan pekerjaan. Norma-norma sosial dan bias budaya yang bersifat patriarki semakin berkontribusi terhadap peran subordinat perempuan. Melalui penelitian kualitatif berbasis pengumpulan data secara studi pustaka, penelitian ini berupaya untuk menganalisis secara komprehensif dan mengatasi tantangan rumit yang ditimbulkan oleh segregasi gender di pasar tenaga kerja di ketiga negara Indo-Pasifik tersebut. Ketiga negara ini menjadi representasi menarik mengenai bagaimana segregasi gender dapat dilihat dan digambarkan secara nyata melalui jumlah tenaga kerja yang sangat tinggi di ketiga negara tersebut. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa segregasi gender dalam lingkup tenaga kerja menjadi bentuk nyata yang sulit untuk dihapuskan, namun melalui peran komprehensif multisektor dapat menjadi bentuk alternatif upaya untuk mengurangi disparitas gender dalam tenaga kerja.
Kata kunci: segregasi gender, langit-langit kaca, pasar tenaga kerja, Indo-Pasifik, kesenjangan upah
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