PCR, Immunoassay dan Repon Imunitas Penderita SARS nCoV-2, Sebuah Narasi
Abstract
Jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif SARS nCoV-2 di Provinsi NTB berdasarkan data pertanggal 10 Desember 2020 mencapai 4.987 kasus dengan 144 pasien meninggal, sedangkan di Kota Bima terdapat 455 kasus positif dengan 13 pasien meninggal. Aspek kunci untuk membatasi penyebaran virus adalah memastikan diagnosa cepat dan akurat terhadap infeksi virus dan memberikan jenis karantina yang sesuai bagi pasien terinfeksi. Metode deteksi dengan Reverse transcription- quantitative PCR (RT-qTPCR) sering gagal untuk mendeteksi virus jika pengambilan spesimen tidak tepat. Hal ini dikarenakan viral load rendah pada stadium awal, viral load disupresi imun host atau spesimen diambil pada tahap terakhir dari perjalanan penyakit. Tes serologis diharapkan berfungsi sebagai pendekatan diagnosa yang lebih cepat ketika terdapat limitasi pada pemeriksaan asam nukleat dengan PCR. Tujuan penulisan adalah menambah referensi bagi pembaca mengenai metode deteksi SARS nCov-2, berikut kekurangan dan kelebihan metode tersebut serta respon imunitas yang terbentuk pada penderita pasca infeksi. Metode penulisan yang digunakan adalah dalam bentuk review beberapa jurnal ilmiah terkait. Berdasarkan review tersebut diperoleh hasil dan simpulan yaitu berbagai metode deteksi SARS nCoV-2 dilakukan seperti RT-qPCR dan immunoassay kualitatif (Rapid Test) serta kuantitatif (ELISA, CLIA serta GICA). SARS nCoV-2 terdeteksi sejak minggu pertama setelah terpapar dan sistem imun dalam tubuh manusia akan mulai membentuk antibodi (IgM dan IgG) sebagai respon pertahanan tubuh terhadap virus. Respon sitokin dan kerusakan paru paru merupakan indikasi infeksi virus yang dapat menyebakan kerusakan yang parah bahkan kematian apabila terjadi sindrom gangguan pernapasan akut yang disebabkan karena terjadinya gangguan regulasi hyaluronan.
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Fei X., Wang, X., He, X., Peng, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, J., Zhou, Q., Ye, H., Ma, Y., Li, H., Wei, X., Cai, P., and Ma, W.L., 2020. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with SARS-NCOV-2. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
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Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan SARS-NCOV-2, 2020 dan Provinsi NTB, 2020. Diakses pada tanggal 23 Agustus 2020 pukul 19.00 WIB. 2020.
Hongyan H., Wang, T., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Mao, L., Wang, F., Wu, S., and Sun, Z., 2020. Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical & Translational Immunology. Doi: 10.1002/cti2.1136.
Jie C., Li, F., and Shi, Z.L., 2019. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews. Doi : 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.
Junxiong P., Wang, M.X., Ang, I.Y.H., Tan, S.H.X., Lewis, R.F., Chen, J.I.P., Gutierrez, R.A., Gwee, S.X.W., Chua, P.E.Y., Yang, Q., Ng, X.Y., Yap., R.K.S., Tan, H.Y., Teo, Y.Y., Tan, C.C., Cook, A.R., Yap, J.C.H., and Hsu, L.Y., 2020. Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Doi : 10.3390/jcm9030623.
Kazuo I., Tabata, S., Ikeda, M., Noguchi, S., Kitagawa, Y., Matuoka, M., Miyoshi, K., Tarumoto, N., Sakai, J., Ito, T., Maesaki, S., Tamura, K., and Maeda T., 2020. Clinical evaluation of an immunochromatographic IgM/IgG antibody assay and chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of SARS-NCOV-2. Journal of Clinical Virology. Doi : 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104393.
Kelvin K.W.T., Tsang, O.T., Leung, W.S., Tam., A.R., Wu, T.C., Lung, D.C., Yip, C.C.Y., Cai, J.P., Chan, J.M.C., Chik, T.S.H., Lau, D.P.L., Choi, C.Y.C., Chen, L.L., Chan, W.M., Chan, K.H., Ip, J.D., Ng, A.C.K., Poon, R.W.S., Luo, C.T., Cheng, V.C.C., Chan, J.F.W., Hung, I.F.N., Chen, H., and Yuen, K.Y., 2020. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-nCoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. Doi : 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1.
Li G., Ren, L., Yang, S., Xiao, M., Chang, D., Yang, F., Cruz, C.S.D., Wang, Y., Wu,C., Xiao, Y., Zhang, L., Han, L., Dang, S., Xu, Y., Yang, Q.W., Xu, S.Y., Zhu, Y.C., Xu, Y.C., Jin, Q., Sharma, L., Wang, L., and Wang, J., 2020. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel Coronavirus disease (SARS-NCOV-2). Clinical Infetious Diseases. Doi : 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
Mustafa S., Fletcher, T.E., Elaldi, N., Ozkurt, Z., Bastug, A., Yilmaz, G., Guner, R., Duygu, F., and Beeching, N.J., 2020. Antibody against nucleocapsid protein predicts susceptibility to human coronavirus infection. The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Doi : 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.07.003.
Nandini S., Jeremiah, S.S., and Ryo, A., 2020. Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-nCoV-2. JAMA. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8259.
Na Zhu., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., and Tan, W., A novel coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine. Doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
Nelson L., Chan, P.K.S., Ip, M., Wong, E., Ho, J., Ho, C., Cockram, C.S., dan Hui, D.S., 2006. Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Journal of Clinical Virology. Doi : 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.07.005.
Nisreen M.A.O., Muller, M.A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C.H., Corman, V.M., Lamers, M.M., Sikkema, R.S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F.D., Yazdanpanah, Y., Hingrat, Q.L., Descamps, D., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Reusken, C.B.E.M., Bosch, B.J., Drosten, C., Koopmans, M.P.G., and Haagmans, B.L., 2020. SARS-nCoV-2 specific antibody responses in SARS-NCOV-2 patients. medRxiv preprint. Doi : 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059.
PDS-PATKLIN (2020). Role Of CRP For Screening Respiratory Tract Infection, PDS-PATKLIN.
Roman W., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Muller, M.A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T.C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., Hoelscher, M., Bleicker, T., Brunink,S., Schneider, J., Ehmann, R., Zwirglmaier, K., Drosten,C., and Wendtner, C., 2020. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. Doi : 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
Shufa Z., Fan, J., Yu, F., Feng, B., Lou, B., Zou, Q., Xie, G., Lin, S., Wang,R., Yang,X., Chen, W., Wang, Q., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Gong, R., Ma, Z., Lu, S., Xiao, Y., Gu, Y., Zhang, J., Yao, H., Xu, K., Lu, X., Wei, G., Zhou, J., Fang, Q., Cai, H., Qiu, y., Sheng, J., Chen, Y., dan Liang, T., 2020. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-nCoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1443.
Thermofisher. Real-time PCR handbook. 2016. Applied biosystem, pp. 2-68
Tove H., Nissen, K., Krambrich, J., Ronnberg, B., Akaberi, D., Esmaeilzadeh, M., Salaneck, E., Lindahl, J., and Lundkvist, 2020. A., Evaluation of a SARS-NCOV-2 IgM and IgG rapid test; an efficient tool for assessment of past exposure to SARS-nCoV-2. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. Doi: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1754538.
Viljoen Gerrit, J., Louis, H.N., and John, R.C., 2005. Molecular Diagnostic PCR Handbook. Springer, pp. 1-260
Wenling W., Xu, Y., Gao, R., Lu, R., Han, K., Wu, G., and Tan, W., 2020. Detection of SARS-nCoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
Yufang S., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., Bucci, E., Piacentini, M., Ippolito, G., and Melino, G., 2020. SARS-NCOV-2 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death & Differentiation. Doi : 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3.
Zu-Li Z., Hou, Y.L., Li, D.T., and Li, F.Z., 2020. Diagnostic efficacy of anti-SARS-nCoV-2 IgG/IgM test for SARS-NCOV-2: a meta-analysis. Doi : 10.1002/jmv.26211.
Published
2021-04-10
How to Cite
ADHIN, Asry; SHOALIHAT, Farhatush.
PCR, Immunoassay dan Repon Imunitas Penderita SARS nCoV-2, Sebuah Narasi.
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 4, p. 523-530, apr. 2021.
ISSN 2714-8564.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/bioe/article/view/3666>. Date accessed: 21 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.3.3666.
Section
Articles
