Efektivitas Jamur Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin Sebagai Biolarvasida Anopheles sp. Vektor Malaria Di Desa Hanura, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung
Effectiveness of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin as a Biolarvicide Against Anopheles sp., the Malaria Vector, in Hanura Village, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung
Abstract
Malaria masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, termasuk di Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung, dengan Anopheles sp. sebagai vektor utama. Pengendalian vektor yang masih didominasi insektisida kimia berisiko menimbulkan resistensi dan dampak lingkungan, sehingga diperlukan alternatif pengendalian yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Jamur entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai biolarvasida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas M. anisopliae terhadap mortalitas larva instar III Anopheles sp., menentukan nilai LC₅₀, serta mengamati kerusakan morfologi larva akibat infeksi jamur. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental di laboratorium menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tujuh perlakuan, terdiri atas enam pengenceran suspensi konidia M. anisopliae (10⁻¹ - 10⁻⁶) dan satu kontrol negatif, masing-masing tiga ulangan. Jamur dikultur pada media PDA dan konsentrasi konidia dihitung menggunakan hemocytometer. Larva instar III Anopheles sp. berasal dari habitat alami di Desa Hanura. Mortalitas larva diamati selama 72 jam dan dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA, uji Tukey, serta analisis probit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa M. anisopliae berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap mortalitas larva (p < 0,001). Mortalitas tertinggi terjadi pada konsentrasi 10⁻⁶ dengan rerata kematian 76,66% ± 1,53 ekor, sedangkan kontrol tidak menunjukkan kematian. Analisis probit menunjukkan nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 5,33 × 105 spora/mL pada 72 jam paparan. Secara morfologis, larva terinfeksi mengalami kerusakan pada kutikula, sistem pencernaan, dan spirakel. Jamur M. anispoliae terbukti berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mortalitas larva Anopheles sp. secara konsentrasi-dependen, dengan nilai LC₅₀ sekitar 105 spora/mL, menyebabkan kerusakan morfologi pada larva instar III Anopheles sp.
Kata kunci: Anopheles sp, Biolarvasida, LC50, Metarhizium anisopliae, Mortalitas Larva.
References
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Auwal Al-Hassan Barde., Abba Umar., & Musa Mustapha Dogara. 2017. Laboratory evaluation of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Anopheles gambiae s. L. Larvae in Bauchi Nigeria. International Journal Entomology Reaserch, 2(3): 10-14.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Lampung. 2023. [Online] Jumlah Kasus Malaria di Kabupaten Pesawaran. https://pesawarankab.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MzA0IzI=/jumlah-kasus-malaria-di-kabupaten pesawaran.html [Diakses 1 Januari 2026].
Bukhari, T., Middelman, A., Koenraadt, C. J., Takken, W., & Knols, B. G. 2010. Factors affecting fungus-induced larval mortality in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. Malaria Journal, 9(1): 1-15.
Butt, T. M., Greenfield, B. P., Greig, C., Maffeis, T. G., Taylor, J. W., Piasecka, J., Dudley, E., Abdulla, A., Dubovskiy, I. M., Garrido-Jurado, I., Quesada-Moraga, E., Penny, M. W., & Eastwood, D. C. 2013. Metarhizium anisopliae pathogenesis of mosquito larvae: A verdict of accidental death. PLoS ONE, 8(12). e81686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081686
Kafy, H., Ismail, B., Mnzava, A., Lines, J., Abdin, M., Eltaher, J., Banaga, A., West, P., Bradley, J., Cook, J., Thomas, B., Subramaniam, K., Hemingway, J., Knox, T., Malik, E., Yukich, J., Donnelly, M., & Kleinschmidt, I. 2017. Impact of insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis on malaria incidence and prevalence in Sudan and the costs of mitigation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 114(52). 11267-11275. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713814114
Kamga, S. F., Ndjomatchoua, F. T., Guimapi, R. A., Klingen, I., Tchawoua, C., Hjelkrem, A. R., Thunes, K. H., & Kakmeni, F. M. 2022. The effect of climate variability in the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum against the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11424-0
Kim, H. 2014. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Comparing means of more than two groups. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 39(1): 74. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2014.39.1.74
Kurniawan, E., Mulia, Y. S., Dewi, N. U., Sanitavia, W. H., & Kristiyanti, Y. 2021. Aktivitas Larvasida jamur Metarhizium anisopliae Terhadap Larva Aedes aegypti Di Laboratorium Dan Uji Coba Lapangan. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Poltekkes Depkes Bandung, 13(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v13i1.1861
Ma, M., Luo, J., Li, C., Eleftherianos, I., Zhang, W., & Xu, L. 2024. A life-and-death struggle: Interaction of insects with entomopathogenic fungi across various infection stages. Frontiers in Immunology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1329843
Mamai, W., Leanne N. Lobb., Nanwintoum S. Bimbilé Somda., Hamidou Maiga., Hanano Yamada., Rosemary Susan Lees., Jeremy Bouyer., & Jeremie RL Gilles. 2018. Optimization of Mass-Rearing Methods for Anopheles arabiensis Larval Stages: Effects of Rearing Water Temperature and Larval Density on Mosquito Life-History Traits. Journal Of Economic Entomology, 111(5): 2383-2390.
Marcellia, S., Ramdini, D. A., Setiawan, G., Septiani, L., Setyaningrum, E., Rosa, E., & Annasya, B. S. 2024. Uji Efektivitas Biolarvasida Pada Minyak Atsiri Daun Tembelekan (Lantana camara) Terhadap larva Anopheles sp. Sebagai Upaya Pengendalian Vektor malaria. Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. 11(12): 2444-2453.
Miranda, R. P., Soares, T. K., Castro, D. P., & Genta, F. A. 2024. General aspects, host interaction, and application of Metarhizium Sp. in arthropod pest and vector control. Frontiers in Fungal Biology. 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2024.1456964
Murphy, A., Gleave, K., DeChaht, P., Kesavaraju., Burton, J & Clark, J. 2021. Field Evaluation of Microbial Mosquito Larvacide Efficacy. [Diakses 1 januari 2026]. https://innovationtoimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Field-Evaluation-of-Microbial-Mosquito-Larvicide-Efficacy.pdf
Novitasari, A., Windianingsih, A. C., Kinanti, T. L., Sumarmi, S., Sukirno. & Soesilohadi. 2023. Effectivity of Entomopathogen fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin to mortality of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 larvae. Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 14(1): 1-7.
Prayitno, T. A & Wahyuni, D. 2016. Pemanfaatan Jamur Metarhizium anisopliae sebagai Pengendalian Hayati Larva Nyamuk Culex sp. Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya (JB&P), 2(1): 17-22.
Ribeiro, M. L., Bitencourt, R. D., Moreira, H. V., Golo, P. S., Bittencourt, V. R., & Angelo, I. D. 2024. In vitro assessment of Metarhizium Anisopliae pathogenicity against Aedes aegypti life stages. Neotropical Entomology, 53(6): 1260-1270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-024-01209-7
Sharma, R., & Sharma, P. 2021. Fungal entomopathogens: A systematic review. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 31(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-021-00404-7
Sistem Informasi Pemerintah Desa Kelurahan Hanura. Topografi Desa Hanura, Teluk Pandan. 2024. [Online] https://hanura-telukpandan.metadesa.id/pages/articles/artikel.aspx?id=5473 [Diakses 1 januari 2026].
Sousa, N. A., Rodrigues, J., Luz, C., dan Humber, R. A. 2022. Exposure of newly deposited Aedes aegypti eggs to Metarhizium humberi and fungal development on the eggs. SSRN Electronic Journal, 184. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4314514
Trizelia, T., Syahrawati, M., & Mardiah, A. 2011. Patogenisitas beberapa isolat cendawan entomopatogen Metarhizium spp. terhadap telur Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia, 8(1): 45-54.
Utami, A. W., & Porusia, M. 2023. Kajian literatur pengaruh insektisida nabati Dan insektisida sintetik terhadap kematian larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 11(2): 168-189.
Vivekanandhan, P., Swathy, K., Kalaimurugan, D., Ramachandran, M., Yuvaraj, A., Kumar, AN, Manikandan, AT, Poovarasan, N., Shivakumar, MS, & Kweka, EJ. 2020. Toksisitas larvasida metabolit Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap tiga spesies nyamuk dan organisme non-target. PLOS SATU, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232172
World Health Organization. 2005. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.13. Geneva. https://share.google/OrEDsjYdWGcIrec8I
World Health Organization. 2024. World Malaria Report 2024. [Online] https://www.who.int/teams/global-malariaprogramme/reports/world-malaria-report-2024 [Diakses 1 Januari 2026].
Zuharah, W. F., Rohaiyu, M. R., Azmi, W. A., & Nagao, H. 2021. Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae MET-GRA4 isolate on dengue vectors, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 24(2): 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2021.04.008
Published
2026-06-30
How to Cite
CAHYADI, Febrian et al.
Efektivitas Jamur Entomopatogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin Sebagai Biolarvasida Anopheles sp. Vektor Malaria Di Desa Hanura, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung.
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 94-99, june 2026.
ISSN 2714-8564.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/bioe/article/view/19536>. Date accessed: 15 july 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2026.8.2.19536.
Section
Articles
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