Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat pada Gradien Ketinggian di Lereng Gunung Lawu, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Abstract
Ekosistem hutan pegunungan Indonesia, seperti kawasan Tahura KGPAA Mangkunagoro I di Gunung Lawu, merepresentasikan lanskap bio-kultural yang unik dengan keanekaragaman hayati tinggi dan tradisi pengetahuan lokal yang berkelanjutan, sehingga menjadi sumber penting bagi kesehatan, kesejahteraan masyarakat, serta konservasi lingkungan. Penelitian ini mengkaji pemanfaatan etnobotani dan potensi farmakologis tumbuhan obat di sepanjang gradien ketinggian Tahura KGPAA Mangkunagoro I, Gunung Lawu, sebagai landasan ilmiah untuk konservasi dan pengembangan etnobotani tumbuhan obat. Metode transek sabuk sepanjang 8,6 km dengan lebar 10 m digunakan untuk inventarisasi spesies, dilengkapi wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan masyarakat lokal dan validasi literatur farmakologi. Hasil identifikasi menemukan 66 spesies tumbuhan obat dari 41 famili, dengan famili dominan yaitu Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, dan Moraceae. Zona Montana Bawah (1200–1500 mdpl) memiliki kekayaan spesies tertinggi (38 spesies, 57,58%), diikuti Zona Montana Atas (1501–2400 mdpl) dengan 22 spesies (33,33%), dan Zona Sub-Alpin (>2400 mdpl) dengan 6 spesies (9,09%). Habitus yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah perdu (30,30%), diikuti herba (28,79%) dan pohon (18,18%). Daun merupakan bagian yang paling sering digunakan (44,19%), disusul akar (11,63%) dan buah (10,47%). Validasi ilmiah menunjukkan kesesuaian tinggi antara penggunaan tradisional dan khasiat farmakologis, seperti Centella asiatica untuk penyembuhan luka dan Clinacanthus nutans sebagai antidiabetik. Beberapa spesies, seperti Trevesia sundaica, masih memerlukan penelitian farmakologis lanjutan untuk membuktikan klaim tradisionalnya. Studi ini menegaskan pentingnya konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dan pengetahuan tradisional di kawasan pegunungan tropis serta membuka peluang pengembangan fitofarmaka berbasis kearifan lokal.
Kata kunci : etnobotani, Gunung Lawu, Tahura KGPAA Mangkunagoro I, tumbuhan obat.
References
Afriani, T., Rahmi, A. & Sari, M.D., 2024. 'Isolation and antibacterial activity of Sembung (Blumea balsamifera) leaf essential oil L., DC.'. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, [online] 13(2), pp.361-365. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2024.132.361-365
Afrin, S.R., Islam, M.R., Alam, M.A., Nisat, U.T., Akter, B. & Hossain, M.K., 2024. 'Investigation of CNS depressant and muscle relaxant effects of the ethnomedicinal plant Macropanax dispermus on Swiss Albino mice and its effect against oxidative stress'. BioTechnologia (Poznan), [online] 105(3), pp.249-261. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2024.141804
Alfatinnisa, Z., et al. 2023. 'Topical ointment Anredera cordifolia leaves ethanolic extract-loaded nanochitosan promotes wound healing in hyperglycemic rat'. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, [online] 15(1), pp.155-165. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v15i1.1842
Angelia, M., et al. 2021. 'Ethnomedicinal Study of the Genus Begonia Used by The Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu, Indonesia'. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, [online] 6(3), p.63851. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.63851
Annafi, N. & Mukarromah, S.B., 2022. 'Pengaruh pemberian massage dengan minyak gandapura terhadap penurunan nyeri otot quadriceps akibat delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)'. Journal of Sport Science and Fitness, [online] 7(2), pp.119-125. https://doi.org/10.15294/jssf.v7i2.48814
Annisa, R., Agustin, Y.E., Rahmadani, N. & Mutiah, R., 2024. 'Formulation and characteristics of film forming hydrogel (FFH) of yellow root extract (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) as wound healing for burns'. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, [online] 17(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/3034
Appiah, A.O., Tandoh, M.A., Puotege, P.S. & Edusei, A.K., 2023. 'The effect of a Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum)-fortified biscuit on the hemoglobin level and cognitive performance of adolescent females in the Ahafo Region of Ghana: a pilot study'. International Journal of Food Science, [online] 2023, p.1388782. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1388782
Arinasa, I.B.K., Hidayat, S., Zuhri, M. & Chikmawati, T., 2023. 'Inventory of simplisia of medicinal plants traded in Bogor Traditional Market'. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, [online] 20(1), pp.1-10. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2023.20.1.1-10
Ashton, L.A., et al. 2022. 'Termite assemblages in a primary Bornean rainforest are structured by elevation and soil nutrients'. Biotropica, [online] 54(2), pp. 473-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13063
Asmaliyah, Hadi, E.E.W. & Novriyanti, E., 2021. 'Potential of medang reso (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon) as raw material source for antidiabetic drugs'. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, [online] 914, p.012074. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012074
Astuti, K.W., et al. 2015. 'Ethnobotanical study of Loloh: traditional herbal drinks from Bali, Indonesia'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 169, pp.343-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.037
Bahadori, M.B., et al. 2020. 'Plantago lanceolata as a source of health-beneficial phytochemicals: phenolics profile and antioxidant capacity'. Food Bioscience, [online] 34, p.100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100536
Bahshwan, S.M. & Aljehany, B.M., 2020. 'A review on the therapeutic and medicinal activities of Costus speciosus'. Pharmacophore, [online] 11(3), pp.124-129. http://www.pharmacophorejournal.com/en/article/a-review-on-the-therapeutic-and-medicinal-activities-of-costus-speciosus
Baral, D., Chaudhary, M., Lamichhane, G. & Pokhrel, B., 2022. 'Ageratum conyzoides: a potential source for medicinal and agricultural products'. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, [online] 10(12), pp.2307-2313. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2307-2313.5146
Basnett, A., Pradhan, S., Das, R., Sharma, C. & Mohanty, J.P., 2024. 'Euphorbia pulcherrima: a scientific update'. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, [online] 13(5), pp.2233-2243. https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2024/13.5.8006
Bhagawan, W.S., Barsyaif, U.A. & Hidayat, M.A., 2021. 'Pendekatan etnobotani tumbuhan obat untuk permasalahan seksual Suku Tengger di Desa Argosari, Lumajang, Indonesia'. Jurnal Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, [online] 14(2), pp.99-110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356831737
Bhar, K., Mondal, S. & Suresh, P., 2019. 'An eye-catching review of Aegle marmelos L. (golden apple)'. Pharmacognosy Journal, [online] 11(2), pp.207-224. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.34
Biswas, P., et al. 2022. 'Betelvine (Piper betle L.): a comprehensive insight into its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological, biomedical and therapeutic attributes'. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, [online] 26(11), pp.3083-3119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17323
Borges, M.S., et al. 2021. 'Ethnobotanical study of selected medicinal plants used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in Southern Brazil'. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, [online] 15(1), pp.22-34. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2020.6982
Cahyono, A. et al. 2020. Bunga Rampai Taman Hutan Raya KGPAA Mangkunagoro I: Potensi, Tantangan dan Peluang. Surakarta: CV Mekar Abadi.
Chen, T.D., et al. 2025. 'Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of Trevesia Vis. (Araliaceae) with a focus on Trevesia palmata: review'. Natural Product Communications, [online] 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X251333024
Chiabchalard, A. & Nooron, N., 2015. 'Antihyperglycemic effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract'. Pharmacognosy Magazine, [online] 11(41), pp.117-122. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.149724
Choudhari, A.S., Mandave, P.C., Deshpande, M., Ranjekar, P. & Prakash, O., 2020. 'Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: from preclinical studies to clinical practice'. Frontiers in Pharmacology, [online] 10, p.1614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01614
Dutta, P.P., Marbaniang, K., Sen, S., Dey, B.K. & Talukdar, N.C., 2023. 'A review on phytochemistry of Paederia foetida Linn'. Phytomedicine Plus, [online] 3(1), p.100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2023.100411
Ekasari, W., et al. 2023. 'Central nervous system depressant effect of ethanol extract of Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby in mice'. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, [online] 11(6), pp.1072-1078. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1579_11.6.1072
Fatihah, N. & Zulkiflee, I., 2022. 'Effects of solvents extraction on antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties of Blumea balsamifera'. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, [online] 12(2), pp.56-66. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4851.2022
Feng, W., et al. 2022. 'Comparing the efficacy and safety of atomization of traditional Chinese medicine Kai Hou Jian and budesonide suspension in adult acute laryngitis: a randomized control trial'. Annals of Translational Medicine, [online] 10(18). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-3860
Gatti, R.C., et al. 2023. 'The number of tree species on Earth'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 119(6), p.e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2024. GBIF Data Species Name Matching. [online] https://www.gbif.org
Goo, Y.K., 2022. 'Therapeutic potential of Ranunculus species (Ranunculaceae): a literature review on traditional medicinal herbs'. Plants, [online] 11(12), p.1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121599
Hutuba, A.H., Suryadi, A.M.A. & Hiola, F., 2023. 'Analisis kandungan flavanoid daun sambang darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis L)'. Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, [online] 5(1), pp.72-78. https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v5i1.7157
Idu, M., Ojoba, P. & Gabriel, B.O., 2022. 'Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson: Review'. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, [online] 6(1), pp.21-34. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomed.v6i1.129
Iryono, Sriwahyuni, Winanda, G.A., Saprinurdin & Nurliana, S., 2019. 'The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia'. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, [online] 20(12), pp.3599-3607. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201219
Islam, T., et al. 2023. 'Ethnobotanical uses and phytochemical, biological, and toxicological profiles of Datura metel L.: a review'. Current Research in Toxicology, [online] 4, p.100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100106
Jamaddar, S., et al. 2022. 'Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and therapeutic potentials of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Robinson: a literature-based review'. Pharmaceuticals, [online] 16(1), p.3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010003
Jishtu, V., Moran, A., Ibrahim, M. & Ahmad, Z., 2024. 'Quantitative study of the Indian ethnobotanical medicinal plant resources in the remote Zanskar Valley of Ladakh'. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, [online] 28, pp.1–28. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.28.1.1-28
Juwita, S., Laila, L. & Elya, B., 2021. 'Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Plant Extract on Topical Application'. Pharmacognosy Journal, [online] 13(2), pp.411-416. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.52
Korona-Glowniak, I., Glowniak-Lipa, A., Ludwiczuk, A., Baj, T. & Malm, A., 2020. 'The in vitro activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori growth and urease activity'. Molecules, [online] 25(3), p.586. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030586
Lestari, A.A.S., Sari, G.A.P.R. & Wiratmini, N.I., 2021. 'Potensi Tumbuhan Akuatik Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam sebagai Zat Antidiabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (T2D)'. Jurnal Ushada (Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan), [online] 3(1), pp.25-32. https://doi.org/10.24843/USHADA.2021.v03.i01.p04
Lita, A. U., & Maizer, S. N., 2021. 'Ethnobotanical study of edible plant communities on the slopes of Mount Merapi and Merbabu, Indonesia'. Biology, Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry, [online] 10(1), pp.33-39. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2021.101.33-39
Li, X., et al. 2019. 'Traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of plants from the genus Thymus'. Chemistry & Biodiversity, [online] 16(9), p.e1900254. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900254
Manaf, S.A. & Novemi, N., 2024. 'The effectiveness of using red betel leaf (Piper ornatum) infusion compared to binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia) infusion in healing external genital infections'. Science Midwifery, [online] 12(1), pp.197-204. https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v12i1.1434
Mentari, I.A., Hairunisa, I., Ibrahim, A. & Fridayanti, A., 2019. 'Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dan potensi antidiare ekstrak daun cincau (Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng)'. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, [online] 5(1), pp.42-50. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v5i1.205
Merecz-Sadowska, A., et al. 2024. 'Sambucus genus: exploring its potential as a functional food ingredient with neuroprotective properties mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 25(14), p.7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147765
Moura, L.F.W.G., et al. 2019. 'Ethnobotanic, phytochemical uses and ethnopharmacological profile of genus Cnidoscolus spp. (Euphorbiaceae): a comprehensive overview'. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, [online] 109, pp.1670-1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.015
Moussa, G., Agbo, A., Kouame, G., Yapo, P. & Brou, K., 2021. 'Biochemical composition and anti-anemic potential of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) berries in albino Wistar rats'. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, [online] 9(4), pp.136-142. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6711
Muema, F.W., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, G. & Guo, M., 2022. 'Flavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities'. Antioxidants, [online] 11(6), p.1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061189
Mufaroh, R.A., et al. 2022. 'Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam upaya pengelolaan kawasan hutan konservasi di Tahura K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I'. AGRIFOR, [online] 21(1), pp.131-140. https://doi.org/10.31293/agrifor.v21i1.5835
Munira, M.S., et al. 2018. 'Pharmacological activities of Youngia japonica extracts'. Annual Research & Review in Biology, [online] 25(5), pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/40629
Mustika, A., Fatimah, N., Safitri, I., Susanti, N. & Noor, N.S., 2023. 'Clinacanthus nutans L Extracts Reduce the Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Malondialdehyde, and Interleukin-6 Levels and Improve the Langerhans Islet Area in Diabetic Rat Models'. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes, [online] 16. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514231196462
Nainggolan, A., Sihombing, M. & Siregar, R., 2024. 'Metode line transect dalam penelitian keanekaragaman tumbuhan air di perairan pantai Aek Batu, Simalungun'. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, [online] 12(2), pp.24-30. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.v12i2.56948
Napiroon, T., Vajrodaya, S., Gritsanapan, W., Balslev, H. & Chayamarit, K., 2017. 'Antibacterial activity of three medicinal Lasianthus (Rubiaceae) extracts on human resistant pathogenic bacteria'. European Journal of Experimental Biology, [online] 7(6), p.37. https://www.imedpub.com/articles/antibacterial-activity-of-three-medicinal-lasianthus-rubiaceae-extracts-on-human-resistant-pathogenic-bacteria.php?aid=20364
Nugroho, A.W., et al. 2025. 'Species composition and diversity of trees habitus along an elevational gradient in Mount Merbabu, Indonesia'. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, [online] 20(4), pp.723-736. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.200401
Pascawati, R., Hidayanti, D. & Fadilah, L.N., 2025. 'Efficacy of red betel (Piper ornatum) in accelerating perineal wound healing in postpartum women'. Healthcare in Low-resource Settings, [online] 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2025.13279
Patel, J., Patel, R., Gupta, V. & Kumar, V., 2020. 'A review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus virens Ait.'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 260, p.112991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112991
Pathak, R. & Sharma, H., 2021. 'A review on medicinal uses of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon)'. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, [online] 11(6-S), pp.161-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6-S.5145
Plants of the World Online, 2024. Plants of the World Online. [online] Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. http://powo.science.kew.org/
Purba, F.R., Rahayu, I., Sudradjat, S.E. & Timotius, K.H., 2023. 'Health benefits of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Medinilla speciosa Blume'. JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi), [online] 8(2), pp.325-338. https://doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2132
Purwanto, H. & Titasari, C.P., 2019. 'Identifikasi dan pemaknaan relief flora pada tinggalan arkeologi di lereng barat Gunung Lawu'. Forum Arkeologi, [online] 32(2), pp.75-94. https://doi.org/10.24832/fa.v32i2.285
Rahman, A., et al. 2025. 'A systematic literature review of Ocimum basilicum – a functional ingredient for gut health and industrial food applications'. Applied Food Research, [online] 5(2), p.101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.101147
Rahman, A.A., et al. 2021. 'The Role of Intermediate Disturbance on Species Diversity of Understorey Plants in a Logged-over Forest, Gunung Lawu, Indonesia'. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, [online] 33(3), pp. 245-254. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2021.33.3.245
Ramadhani, V., Rusdi, R., Azizah, Z. & Rivai, H., 2021. 'Overview of phytochemicals and pharmacological activity of keji beling plant (Strobilanthes crispus Bl.)'. International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, [online] 11(4), pp.25-39.
Rosnizar, R., Muliani, F., Ramli, I.M. & Eriani, K., 2022. 'The immunostimulant effects of Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrica) roots extract on BALB/c male mice (Mus musculus)'. Advances in Biological Sciences Research, [online] 22, pp.35-39. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.007
Salvatori, E.S., et al. 2023. 'Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils: a potential valuable use for an industry byproduct'. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [online] 2023, p.2582698. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2582698
Sepahvand, A., Studzińska-Sroka, E., Ramak, P. & Karimian, V., 2021. 'Usnea sp.: antimicrobial potential, bioactive compounds, ethnopharmacological uses and other pharmacological properties; a review article'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 268, p.113656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113656
Shu, L., et al. 2024. 'A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Duhaldea DC.'. Frontiers in Pharmacology, [online] 15, p.1479963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1479963
Silalahi, M., 2019. 'Manfaat dan bioaktivitas Piper betle L.'. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, [online] 3(2), pp.131-140. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v3i2.48
Singh, T., Singh, P., Pandey, V.K., Singh, R. & Dar, A.H., 2023. 'A literature review on bioactive properties of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and its applications in food industry'. Food Chemistry Advances, [online] 3, p.100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100536
Srivastava, R. & Soni, N., 2019. 'An updated review on phytopharmacological profile of Euphorbia tithymaloides (L.) Poit'. The Pharma Innovation Journal, [online] 8(5), pp.109-115. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue5/PartB/8-5-17-743.pdf
Sundari, D., Handayani, D.S. & Suryanti, V., 2023. 'Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) fruit flesh and peel extracts'. Biodiversitas, [online] 24(9), pp.4668-4675. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240907
Susanti, A. & Nurman, M., 2022. 'Manfaat kelor (Moringa oleifera) bagi kesehatan'. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, [online] 3(3), pp.114-118. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v3i3.9781
Susilawati, E., et al. 2024. 'Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk) Merr. (Fabaceae) inhibits insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of high fructose-induced Wistar rats'. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, [online] 18, pp.3825-3839. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S472660
Syafriana, V., Rachmatiah, T. & Utama, N., 2020. 'Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol kulit batang Meranti Sarang Punai (Shorea parvifolia Dyer) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes'. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, [online] 9(3), pp.160-167. https://doi.org/10.24843/JFU.2020.v09.i03.p04
Taher, M., et al. 2020. 'Medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Piper aduncum L.'. Sains Malaysiana, [online] 49(8), pp.1829-1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4908-07
Tammadon, M.R., et al. 2021. 'The effects of Valerian on sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial'. Oman Medical Journal, [online] 36(2), p.e255. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.56
Thomas, T., 2015. 'A study on antibacterial and phytochemical evaluation of fronds of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl'. International Journal of Pharmacological Screening Methods, [online] 5(1), pp.1-5. http://www.ijpsmjournal.com/a-study-on-antibacterial-and-phytochemical-evaluation-of-fronds-of-adiantum-raddianum-c-presl/
Timotius, K.H., Rahayu, I. & Nurcahyanti, A.D.R., 2023. 'Pimpinella pruatjan Molk: LC-MS/MS-QTFT analysis of bioactive compounds from decoction and ethanol extract of aerial parts'. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, [online] 15(3), pp.158-163. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_183_22
Triani, R., Marthia, N.I., Nurhawa, S. & Nurminabari, I.S., 2023. 'Analisis nutrisi dan antioksidan umbi mentah dan kukus dari ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr.) kultivar lokal Lembang'. Pasundan Food Technology Journal, [online] 10(2), pp.85-92. https://doi.org/10.23969/pftj.v10i2.7744
Van Steenis, C.G.G.J., 1972. The mountain flora of Java. Leiden: Brill.
Verma, N., Singh, D.P. & Gupta, R.K., 2021. 'Anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic extract of Ficus virens bark in experimental animal models'. Inflammopharmacology, [online] 29(4), pp.1119-1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00833-2
Wang, H., 2024. 'Beneficial medicinal effects and material applications of rose'. Heliyon, [online] 10(1), p.e23530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23530
Wang, J.H., Luan, F., He, X.D., Wang, Y. & Li, M.X., 2017. 'Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals'. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, [online] 8(1), pp.24-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
Wang, M., et al. 2024. 'Dichroa febrifuga Lour.: a review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and progress in reducing toxicity'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 328, p.118093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118093
Wang, Y.C., Hsu, H.W. & Liao, W.L., 2008. 'Antibacterial activity of Melastoma candidum D. Don'. LWT - Food Science and Technology, [online] 41(10), pp.1793-1798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.02.005
Widhiantara, I.G. & Jawi, I.M., 2021. 'Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): a review'. Veterinary World, [online] 14(5), pp.1185-1196. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1185-1196
Wijaya, N.R. & Safrina, D., 2021. 'Review: Krangean (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) sebagai tanaman obat dan upaya perbanyakannya'. In: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi IX. Semarang: FMIPA Universitas Negeri Semarang, pp.1-7.
Witkowska, K., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Garbiec, E. & Cielecka-Piontek, J., 2024. 'Topical application of Centella asiatica in wound healing: recent insights into mechanisms and clinical efficacy'. Pharmaceutics, [online] 16(10), p.1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101252
Yang, Q., et al. 2017. 'Plantago asiatica L. seed extract improves lipid accumulation and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 18(7), p.1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071393
Ysrafil, Y., et al. 2023. 'Anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid derivates'. ADMET & DMPK, [online] 11(3), pp.331-359. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.1918
Zeeshan, A., et al. 2023. 'Medicinal importance of Solanum nigrum Linn: a review'. Journal of Plant and Environment, [online] 5(2), pp.151-159. https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.005.02.4576
Zidratil, Lestari, W.D., Bibba, Y.M., Darnayanti, Islam, F.N. & Sukarti, 2024. 'Antioxidant activity of leaf ethanol extract and balm plant sticks (Polygala paniculata L.)'. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, [online] 7(1), pp.1-7. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v7i1.17964
Afrin, S.R., Islam, M.R., Alam, M.A., Nisat, U.T., Akter, B. & Hossain, M.K., 2024. 'Investigation of CNS depressant and muscle relaxant effects of the ethnomedicinal plant Macropanax dispermus on Swiss Albino mice and its effect against oxidative stress'. BioTechnologia (Poznan), [online] 105(3), pp.249-261. https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2024.141804
Alfatinnisa, Z., et al. 2023. 'Topical ointment Anredera cordifolia leaves ethanolic extract-loaded nanochitosan promotes wound healing in hyperglycemic rat'. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, [online] 15(1), pp.155-165. https://doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v15i1.1842
Angelia, M., et al. 2021. 'Ethnomedicinal Study of the Genus Begonia Used by The Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu, Indonesia'. Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, [online] 6(3), p.63851. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.63851
Annafi, N. & Mukarromah, S.B., 2022. 'Pengaruh pemberian massage dengan minyak gandapura terhadap penurunan nyeri otot quadriceps akibat delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)'. Journal of Sport Science and Fitness, [online] 7(2), pp.119-125. https://doi.org/10.15294/jssf.v7i2.48814
Annisa, R., Agustin, Y.E., Rahmadani, N. & Mutiah, R., 2024. 'Formulation and characteristics of film forming hydrogel (FFH) of yellow root extract (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) as wound healing for burns'. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, [online] 17(3). https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/3034
Appiah, A.O., Tandoh, M.A., Puotege, P.S. & Edusei, A.K., 2023. 'The effect of a Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum)-fortified biscuit on the hemoglobin level and cognitive performance of adolescent females in the Ahafo Region of Ghana: a pilot study'. International Journal of Food Science, [online] 2023, p.1388782. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1388782
Arinasa, I.B.K., Hidayat, S., Zuhri, M. & Chikmawati, T., 2023. 'Inventory of simplisia of medicinal plants traded in Bogor Traditional Market'. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, [online] 20(1), pp.1-10. https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2023.20.1.1-10
Ashton, L.A., et al. 2022. 'Termite assemblages in a primary Bornean rainforest are structured by elevation and soil nutrients'. Biotropica, [online] 54(2), pp. 473-484. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13063
Asmaliyah, Hadi, E.E.W. & Novriyanti, E., 2021. 'Potential of medang reso (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon) as raw material source for antidiabetic drugs'. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, [online] 914, p.012074. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/914/1/012074
Astuti, K.W., et al. 2015. 'Ethnobotanical study of Loloh: traditional herbal drinks from Bali, Indonesia'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 169, pp.343-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.037
Bahadori, M.B., et al. 2020. 'Plantago lanceolata as a source of health-beneficial phytochemicals: phenolics profile and antioxidant capacity'. Food Bioscience, [online] 34, p.100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100536
Bahshwan, S.M. & Aljehany, B.M., 2020. 'A review on the therapeutic and medicinal activities of Costus speciosus'. Pharmacophore, [online] 11(3), pp.124-129. http://www.pharmacophorejournal.com/en/article/a-review-on-the-therapeutic-and-medicinal-activities-of-costus-speciosus
Baral, D., Chaudhary, M., Lamichhane, G. & Pokhrel, B., 2022. 'Ageratum conyzoides: a potential source for medicinal and agricultural products'. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, [online] 10(12), pp.2307-2313. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i12.2307-2313.5146
Basnett, A., Pradhan, S., Das, R., Sharma, C. & Mohanty, J.P., 2024. 'Euphorbia pulcherrima: a scientific update'. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, [online] 13(5), pp.2233-2243. https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2024/13.5.8006
Bhagawan, W.S., Barsyaif, U.A. & Hidayat, M.A., 2021. 'Pendekatan etnobotani tumbuhan obat untuk permasalahan seksual Suku Tengger di Desa Argosari, Lumajang, Indonesia'. Jurnal Tumbuhan Obat Indonesia, [online] 14(2), pp.99-110. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356831737
Bhar, K., Mondal, S. & Suresh, P., 2019. 'An eye-catching review of Aegle marmelos L. (golden apple)'. Pharmacognosy Journal, [online] 11(2), pp.207-224. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.34
Biswas, P., et al. 2022. 'Betelvine (Piper betle L.): a comprehensive insight into its ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological, biomedical and therapeutic attributes'. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, [online] 26(11), pp.3083-3119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17323
Borges, M.S., et al. 2021. 'Ethnobotanical study of selected medicinal plants used for the treatment of respiratory diseases in Southern Brazil'. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, [online] 15(1), pp.22-34. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2020.6982
Cahyono, A. et al. 2020. Bunga Rampai Taman Hutan Raya KGPAA Mangkunagoro I: Potensi, Tantangan dan Peluang. Surakarta: CV Mekar Abadi.
Chen, T.D., et al. 2025. 'Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of Trevesia Vis. (Araliaceae) with a focus on Trevesia palmata: review'. Natural Product Communications, [online] 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X251333024
Chiabchalard, A. & Nooron, N., 2015. 'Antihyperglycemic effects of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaf extract'. Pharmacognosy Magazine, [online] 11(41), pp.117-122. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.149724
Choudhari, A.S., Mandave, P.C., Deshpande, M., Ranjekar, P. & Prakash, O., 2020. 'Phytochemicals in cancer treatment: from preclinical studies to clinical practice'. Frontiers in Pharmacology, [online] 10, p.1614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01614
Dutta, P.P., Marbaniang, K., Sen, S., Dey, B.K. & Talukdar, N.C., 2023. 'A review on phytochemistry of Paederia foetida Linn'. Phytomedicine Plus, [online] 3(1), p.100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2023.100411
Ekasari, W., et al. 2023. 'Central nervous system depressant effect of ethanol extract of Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby in mice'. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, [online] 11(6), pp.1072-1078. https://doi.org/10.56499/jppres23.1579_11.6.1072
Fatihah, N. & Zulkiflee, I., 2022. 'Effects of solvents extraction on antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial properties of Blumea balsamifera'. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, [online] 12(2), pp.56-66. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4851.2022
Feng, W., et al. 2022. 'Comparing the efficacy and safety of atomization of traditional Chinese medicine Kai Hou Jian and budesonide suspension in adult acute laryngitis: a randomized control trial'. Annals of Translational Medicine, [online] 10(18). https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-3860
Gatti, R.C., et al. 2023. 'The number of tree species on Earth'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 119(6), p.e2115329119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2024. GBIF Data Species Name Matching. [online] https://www.gbif.org
Goo, Y.K., 2022. 'Therapeutic potential of Ranunculus species (Ranunculaceae): a literature review on traditional medicinal herbs'. Plants, [online] 11(12), p.1599. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121599
Hutuba, A.H., Suryadi, A.M.A. & Hiola, F., 2023. 'Analisis kandungan flavanoid daun sambang darah (Excoecaria cochinchinensis L)'. Journal Syifa Sciences and Clinical Research, [online] 5(1), pp.72-78. https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v5i1.7157
Idu, M., Ojoba, P. & Gabriel, B.O., 2022. 'Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson: Review'. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, [online] 6(1), pp.21-34. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomed.v6i1.129
Iryono, Sriwahyuni, Winanda, G.A., Saprinurdin & Nurliana, S., 2019. 'The diversity of useful plants and botanical knowledge of the Rejang Tribe in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia'. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, [online] 20(12), pp.3599-3607. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d201219
Islam, T., et al. 2023. 'Ethnobotanical uses and phytochemical, biological, and toxicological profiles of Datura metel L.: a review'. Current Research in Toxicology, [online] 4, p.100106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100106
Jamaddar, S., et al. 2022. 'Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and therapeutic potentials of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Robinson: a literature-based review'. Pharmaceuticals, [online] 16(1), p.3. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010003
Jishtu, V., Moran, A., Ibrahim, M. & Ahmad, Z., 2024. 'Quantitative study of the Indian ethnobotanical medicinal plant resources in the remote Zanskar Valley of Ladakh'. Ethnobotany Research and Applications, [online] 28, pp.1–28. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.28.1.1-28
Juwita, S., Laila, L. & Elya, B., 2021. 'Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Plant Extract on Topical Application'. Pharmacognosy Journal, [online] 13(2), pp.411-416. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.52
Korona-Glowniak, I., Glowniak-Lipa, A., Ludwiczuk, A., Baj, T. & Malm, A., 2020. 'The in vitro activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori growth and urease activity'. Molecules, [online] 25(3), p.586. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030586
Lestari, A.A.S., Sari, G.A.P.R. & Wiratmini, N.I., 2021. 'Potensi Tumbuhan Akuatik Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam sebagai Zat Antidiabetes Melitus Tipe 2 (T2D)'. Jurnal Ushada (Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan), [online] 3(1), pp.25-32. https://doi.org/10.24843/USHADA.2021.v03.i01.p04
Lita, A. U., & Maizer, S. N., 2021. 'Ethnobotanical study of edible plant communities on the slopes of Mount Merapi and Merbabu, Indonesia'. Biology, Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry, [online] 10(1), pp.33-39. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2021.101.33-39
Li, X., et al. 2019. 'Traditional uses, chemical constituents and biological activities of plants from the genus Thymus'. Chemistry & Biodiversity, [online] 16(9), p.e1900254. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900254
Manaf, S.A. & Novemi, N., 2024. 'The effectiveness of using red betel leaf (Piper ornatum) infusion compared to binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia) infusion in healing external genital infections'. Science Midwifery, [online] 12(1), pp.197-204. https://doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v12i1.1434
Mentari, I.A., Hairunisa, I., Ibrahim, A. & Fridayanti, A., 2019. 'Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dan potensi antidiare ekstrak daun cincau (Stephania capitata (Blume) Spreng)'. Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, [online] 5(1), pp.42-50. https://doi.org/10.51352/jim.v5i1.205
Merecz-Sadowska, A., et al. 2024. 'Sambucus genus: exploring its potential as a functional food ingredient with neuroprotective properties mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 25(14), p.7765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25147765
Moura, L.F.W.G., et al. 2019. 'Ethnobotanic, phytochemical uses and ethnopharmacological profile of genus Cnidoscolus spp. (Euphorbiaceae): a comprehensive overview'. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, [online] 109, pp.1670-1679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.015
Moussa, G., Agbo, A., Kouame, G., Yapo, P. & Brou, K., 2021. 'Biochemical composition and anti-anemic potential of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) berries in albino Wistar rats'. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, [online] 9(4), pp.136-142. https://doi.org/10.24203/ajafs.v9i4.6711
Muema, F.W., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, G. & Guo, M., 2022. 'Flavonoids from Selaginella doederleinii Hieron and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities'. Antioxidants, [online] 11(6), p.1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11061189
Mufaroh, R.A., et al. 2022. 'Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam upaya pengelolaan kawasan hutan konservasi di Tahura K.G.P.A.A. Mangkunagoro I'. AGRIFOR, [online] 21(1), pp.131-140. https://doi.org/10.31293/agrifor.v21i1.5835
Munira, M.S., et al. 2018. 'Pharmacological activities of Youngia japonica extracts'. Annual Research & Review in Biology, [online] 25(5), pp.1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/ARRB/2018/40629
Mustika, A., Fatimah, N., Safitri, I., Susanti, N. & Noor, N.S., 2023. 'Clinacanthus nutans L Extracts Reduce the Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Malondialdehyde, and Interleukin-6 Levels and Improve the Langerhans Islet Area in Diabetic Rat Models'. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes, [online] 16. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514231196462
Nainggolan, A., Sihombing, M. & Siregar, R., 2024. 'Metode line transect dalam penelitian keanekaragaman tumbuhan air di perairan pantai Aek Batu, Simalungun'. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, [online] 12(2), pp.24-30. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.v12i2.56948
Napiroon, T., Vajrodaya, S., Gritsanapan, W., Balslev, H. & Chayamarit, K., 2017. 'Antibacterial activity of three medicinal Lasianthus (Rubiaceae) extracts on human resistant pathogenic bacteria'. European Journal of Experimental Biology, [online] 7(6), p.37. https://www.imedpub.com/articles/antibacterial-activity-of-three-medicinal-lasianthus-rubiaceae-extracts-on-human-resistant-pathogenic-bacteria.php?aid=20364
Nugroho, A.W., et al. 2025. 'Species composition and diversity of trees habitus along an elevational gradient in Mount Merbabu, Indonesia'. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, [online] 20(4), pp.723-736. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.200401
Pascawati, R., Hidayanti, D. & Fadilah, L.N., 2025. 'Efficacy of red betel (Piper ornatum) in accelerating perineal wound healing in postpartum women'. Healthcare in Low-resource Settings, [online] 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/hls.2025.13279
Patel, J., Patel, R., Gupta, V. & Kumar, V., 2020. 'A review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Ficus virens Ait.'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 260, p.112991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112991
Pathak, R. & Sharma, H., 2021. 'A review on medicinal uses of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon)'. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, [online] 11(6-S), pp.161-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i6-S.5145
Plants of the World Online, 2024. Plants of the World Online. [online] Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. http://powo.science.kew.org/
Purba, F.R., Rahayu, I., Sudradjat, S.E. & Timotius, K.H., 2023. 'Health benefits of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Medinilla speciosa Blume'. JPBIO (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi), [online] 8(2), pp.325-338. https://doi.org/10.31932/jpbio.v8i2.2132
Purwanto, H. & Titasari, C.P., 2019. 'Identifikasi dan pemaknaan relief flora pada tinggalan arkeologi di lereng barat Gunung Lawu'. Forum Arkeologi, [online] 32(2), pp.75-94. https://doi.org/10.24832/fa.v32i2.285
Rahman, A., et al. 2025. 'A systematic literature review of Ocimum basilicum – a functional ingredient for gut health and industrial food applications'. Applied Food Research, [online] 5(2), p.101147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.101147
Rahman, A.A., et al. 2021. 'The Role of Intermediate Disturbance on Species Diversity of Understorey Plants in a Logged-over Forest, Gunung Lawu, Indonesia'. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, [online] 33(3), pp. 245-254. https://doi.org/10.26525/jtfs2021.33.3.245
Ramadhani, V., Rusdi, R., Azizah, Z. & Rivai, H., 2021. 'Overview of phytochemicals and pharmacological activity of keji beling plant (Strobilanthes crispus Bl.)'. International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, [online] 11(4), pp.25-39.
Rosnizar, R., Muliani, F., Ramli, I.M. & Eriani, K., 2022. 'The immunostimulant effects of Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrica) roots extract on BALB/c male mice (Mus musculus)'. Advances in Biological Sciences Research, [online] 22, pp.35-39. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220406.007
Salvatori, E.S., et al. 2023. 'Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils: a potential valuable use for an industry byproduct'. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, [online] 2023, p.2582698. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2582698
Sepahvand, A., Studzińska-Sroka, E., Ramak, P. & Karimian, V., 2021. 'Usnea sp.: antimicrobial potential, bioactive compounds, ethnopharmacological uses and other pharmacological properties; a review article'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 268, p.113656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113656
Shu, L., et al. 2024. 'A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Duhaldea DC.'. Frontiers in Pharmacology, [online] 15, p.1479963. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1479963
Silalahi, M., 2019. 'Manfaat dan bioaktivitas Piper betle L.'. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy, [online] 3(2), pp.131-140. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v3i2.48
Singh, T., Singh, P., Pandey, V.K., Singh, R. & Dar, A.H., 2023. 'A literature review on bioactive properties of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and its applications in food industry'. Food Chemistry Advances, [online] 3, p.100536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100536
Srivastava, R. & Soni, N., 2019. 'An updated review on phytopharmacological profile of Euphorbia tithymaloides (L.) Poit'. The Pharma Innovation Journal, [online] 8(5), pp.109-115. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue5/PartB/8-5-17-743.pdf
Sundari, D., Handayani, D.S. & Suryanti, V., 2023. 'Chemical compositions, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) fruit flesh and peel extracts'. Biodiversitas, [online] 24(9), pp.4668-4675. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240907
Susanti, A. & Nurman, M., 2022. 'Manfaat kelor (Moringa oleifera) bagi kesehatan'. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, [online] 3(3), pp.114-118. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v3i3.9781
Susilawati, E., et al. 2024. 'Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk) Merr. (Fabaceae) inhibits insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of high fructose-induced Wistar rats'. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, [online] 18, pp.3825-3839. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S472660
Syafriana, V., Rachmatiah, T. & Utama, N., 2020. 'Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak metanol kulit batang Meranti Sarang Punai (Shorea parvifolia Dyer) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Propionibacterium acnes'. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, [online] 9(3), pp.160-167. https://doi.org/10.24843/JFU.2020.v09.i03.p04
Taher, M., et al. 2020. 'Medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of Piper aduncum L.'. Sains Malaysiana, [online] 49(8), pp.1829-1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4908-07
Tammadon, M.R., et al. 2021. 'The effects of Valerian on sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial'. Oman Medical Journal, [online] 36(2), p.e255. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2021.56
Thomas, T., 2015. 'A study on antibacterial and phytochemical evaluation of fronds of Adiantum raddianum C. Presl'. International Journal of Pharmacological Screening Methods, [online] 5(1), pp.1-5. http://www.ijpsmjournal.com/a-study-on-antibacterial-and-phytochemical-evaluation-of-fronds-of-adiantum-raddianum-c-presl/
Timotius, K.H., Rahayu, I. & Nurcahyanti, A.D.R., 2023. 'Pimpinella pruatjan Molk: LC-MS/MS-QTFT analysis of bioactive compounds from decoction and ethanol extract of aerial parts'. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, [online] 15(3), pp.158-163. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_183_22
Triani, R., Marthia, N.I., Nurhawa, S. & Nurminabari, I.S., 2023. 'Analisis nutrisi dan antioksidan umbi mentah dan kukus dari ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr.) kultivar lokal Lembang'. Pasundan Food Technology Journal, [online] 10(2), pp.85-92. https://doi.org/10.23969/pftj.v10i2.7744
Van Steenis, C.G.G.J., 1972. The mountain flora of Java. Leiden: Brill.
Verma, N., Singh, D.P. & Gupta, R.K., 2021. 'Anti-inflammatory potential of methanolic extract of Ficus virens bark in experimental animal models'. Inflammopharmacology, [online] 29(4), pp.1119-1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00833-2
Wang, H., 2024. 'Beneficial medicinal effects and material applications of rose'. Heliyon, [online] 10(1), p.e23530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23530
Wang, J.H., Luan, F., He, X.D., Wang, Y. & Li, M.X., 2017. 'Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals'. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, [online] 8(1), pp.24-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
Wang, M., et al. 2024. 'Dichroa febrifuga Lour.: a review of its botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology, and progress in reducing toxicity'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, [online] 328, p.118093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118093
Wang, Y.C., Hsu, H.W. & Liao, W.L., 2008. 'Antibacterial activity of Melastoma candidum D. Don'. LWT - Food Science and Technology, [online] 41(10), pp.1793-1798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2008.02.005
Widhiantara, I.G. & Jawi, I.M., 2021. 'Phytochemical composition and health properties of Sembung plant (Blumea balsamifera): a review'. Veterinary World, [online] 14(5), pp.1185-1196. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1185-1196
Wijaya, N.R. & Safrina, D., 2021. 'Review: Krangean (Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.) sebagai tanaman obat dan upaya perbanyakannya'. In: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi IX. Semarang: FMIPA Universitas Negeri Semarang, pp.1-7.
Witkowska, K., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Garbiec, E. & Cielecka-Piontek, J., 2024. 'Topical application of Centella asiatica in wound healing: recent insights into mechanisms and clinical efficacy'. Pharmaceutics, [online] 16(10), p.1252. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16101252
Yang, Q., et al. 2017. 'Plantago asiatica L. seed extract improves lipid accumulation and hyperglycemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice'. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, [online] 18(7), p.1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071393
Ysrafil, Y., et al. 2023. 'Anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoid derivates'. ADMET & DMPK, [online] 11(3), pp.331-359. https://doi.org/10.5599/admet.1918
Zeeshan, A., et al. 2023. 'Medicinal importance of Solanum nigrum Linn: a review'. Journal of Plant and Environment, [online] 5(2), pp.151-159. https://doi.org/10.33687/jpe.005.02.4576
Zidratil, Lestari, W.D., Bibba, Y.M., Darnayanti, Islam, F.N. & Sukarti, 2024. 'Antioxidant activity of leaf ethanol extract and balm plant sticks (Polygala paniculata L.)'. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, [online] 7(1), pp.1-7. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v7i1.17964
Published
2025-09-29
How to Cite
BUDIATMADJA, Sabda Apriliana et al.
Etnobotani Tumbuhan Obat pada Gradien Ketinggian di Lereng Gunung Lawu, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia.
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 3, p. 225-238, sep. 2025.
ISSN 2714-8564.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/bioe/article/view/17299>. Date accessed: 15 oct. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2025.7.3.17299.
Section
Articles
_copy.png)
