Pengaruh Ketiadaan Makan dan Minum Terhadap Kondisi Fisiologis Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Galur Wistar
The Effect of Food and Water Deprivation on the Physiological Condition of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)
Abstract
Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) galur Wistar adalah salah satu spesies hewan coba yang lazim digunakan sebagai model dalam penelitian biomedis-praklinis. Perawatan hewan coba sangat menentukan validitas hasil penelitian. Kekurangan bahkan ketiadaan pakan dan air minum dapat terjadi saat akhir pekan maupun hari libur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh ketiadaan makan dan/atau minum terhadap kondisi fisiologis tikus Wistar. Dua belas tikus Wistar betina dewasa dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu: Kelompok I: diberi makan dan minum ad libitum (kontrol), Kelompok II: diberi makan tetapi tidak diberi minum, Kelompok III: tidak diberi makan hanya diberi minum, dan Kelompok IV: tidak diberi makan dan minum sama sekali. Perlakuan dilakukan selama 4 hari berturut-turut, setelah itu hewan kembali diberi makan dan minum ad libitum. Data dianalisis secara statistik berdasarkan one-way repeated measures ANOVA (ɑ = 0,05). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ketiadaan makan dan/atau minum menyebabkan kelaparan, dehidrasi, anemia, kerentanan terhadap infeksi, dan stres yang diindikasikan dengan penurunan berat badan, suhu badan, dan kadar glukosa darah, serta perubahan profil eritrosit, leukosit, dan trombosit. Meskipun sebagian analisis statistik tidak menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan, namun gangguan fisiologis ini tetap menurunkan kualitas hidup dan menimbulkan masalah kesehatan bagi hewan. Penyediaan kembali makan dan minum selama 4 hari berturut-turut mengembalikan kondisi fisiologis tikus mendekati semula. Meskipun demikian, sebaiknya tikus tetap diberi makan dan minum secara ad libitum setiap hari untuk menjaga kesehatan dan kesejahteraannya sehingga tetap layak digunakan sebagai subjek dalam penelitian.
Kata kunci : kesejahteraan hewan, profil darah, puasa, Rattus norvegicus, tikus Wistar
References
Ahmed, K., Abdu, Y., Khasawneh, S., Shukri, A., Adam, E., Mustafa, S., Affas, M., Ibrahim, M.I.M., Al Zayed, A. & Yassin, M.A. 2023. The effect of intermittent fasting on the clinical and hematological parameters of patients with sickle cell disease: A preliminary study. Frontiers in Medicine Section Hematology, 10. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1097466.
Al-Toum, M.O. & Al-Johany, A.M. 2000. Water deprivation and its effect on some blood constituents in Idmi Gazelle, Gazella gazella. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(3), pp. 253–-262. doi: 10.1006/jare.1999.0606.
Archambeau, J.O., Stryckmanns, P. & Brenneis, H. 1968. The effect of food and water deprivation on the peripheral blood parameters of the mouse. Radiation Research, 36(3), pp. 396–409. doi:10.2307/3572576.
Arias-Reyes, C., Soliz, J. & Joseph, V. 2021. Mice and rats display different ventilatory, hematological, and metabolic features of acclimatization to hypoxia. Frontiers in Physiology, 12: 647822. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647822.
Armstrong, L.E. & Johnson, E.C. 2018. Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement. Nutrients, 10(12): 1928. doi: 10.3390/nu10121928.
Barkus, C., Bergmann, C., Branco, T., Carandini, M., Chadderton, P.T., Galinanes, G.L., Gilmour, G., Huber, D., Huxter, J.R., Khan, A.G., King, A.J., Maravall, M., O'Mahony, T., Ragan, C.I., Robinson, E.S.J., Schaefer, A.T., Schultz, S.R., Sengpiel, F. & Prescott, M.J. 2022. Refinements to rodent head fixation and fluid/food control for neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 381: 109705. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109705.
Blonde, G.D., Price, R.K., le Roux, C.W. & Spector, A.C. 2021. Meal patterns and food choices of female rats fed a cafeteria-style diet are altered by gastric bypass surgery. Nutrients, 13(11): 3856. doi: 10.3390/nu13113856.
Bocalini, D.S., Luiz, R.D.A, Silva, K.A.S., Serra, A.J., Avila, R.A., Leopoldo, A.S., Lima-Leopoldo, A.P., da Cunha, M.R.H., Tucci, P.J.F. & dos Santos, L. 2020. Short-term cigarette smoking in rats impairs physical capacity and induces cardiac remodelling. Biomed Research International, 2020: 2589892. doi: 10.1155/2020/2589892.
Cabalar, I., Le, T.H., Silber, A., O'Hara, M., Abdallah, B., Parikh, M. & Busch, R. (2024),. The role of blood testing in prevention, diagnosis, and management of chronic diseases: A review. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 368(4),: pp. 274–-286. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.04.009.
Cornelison, T.L. & Clayton, J.A. 2017. Article commentary: Considering sex as a biological variable in biomedical research. Gender and the Genome, 1(2): pp. 89–93. doi:10.1089/gg.2017.0006.
Dietze, S., Lees, K.R., Fink, H., Brosda, J. & Voigt, J.P. 2016. Food deprivation, body Weight loss and anxiety-related behavior in rats. Animals (Basel), 6(1): 4. doi: 10.3390/ani6010004.
Fitria, L. & Sarto, M. 2014. Profil hematologi tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) galur Wistar jantan dan betina umur 4, 6, dan 8 minggu. Biogenesis, 2(2), pp. 94–100. doi: 10.24252/bio.v2i2.473.
Fitria, L., Gunawan, I.C.P.G., Sanjaya, W.B.T. & Meidianing, M.I. 2022. Single-dose acute oral toxicity study of chloroform extract of Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata Prain.) leaf in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 7(1): jtbb69389 doi: 10.22146/jtbb.69389.
Ghose, B., Tang, S., Yaya, S. & Feng, Z. 2016. Association between food insecurity and anemia among women of reproductive age. PeerJ Life & Environment, 4, e1945. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1945.
Hickman, D.L. 2017. Evaluation of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of chronic distress in the laboratory mouse. Laboratory Animal (NY), 46(7), pp. 303–307. doi: 10.1038/laban.1298.
Holinstat, M. 2017. Normal platelet function. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 36(2), pp. 195–198. doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9677-x.
Jimenez, J.C., Miranda-Barrientos, J., Becerra-Diaz, M. & Miranda, F. 2021. Acute food deprivation decreases the expression of methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. bioRxiv, 2021.04.20.440661. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.20.440661.
Kim, H.Y. 2015. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: A one-way repeated measures ANOVA for data with repeated observations. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 40(1), pp. 91–95. doi: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.91.
Krueger, C., Schrer, K. & Schmidt, M. 2020. Food and water deprivation in laboratory animals. Specialist information from the Committee for Animal Welfare Officers (GV-SOLAS). pp 1–29. [Online] Tersedia pada: https://www.gv-solas.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2020_11Food-water-deprivation.pdf [Diakses 3 Juli 2024].
Marx, J.O., Jacobsen, K.O., Petervary, N.A. & Casebolt, D.B. 2021. A survey of laboratory animal veterinarians regarding mouse welfare in biomedical research. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 60(2), pp. 139–145. doi: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000063.
Muhamed, A.M.C., Yusof, H.A., Stannard, S.R., Muendel, T. & Thompson, M.W. 2019. The efficacy of ingesting water on thermoregulatory responses and running performance in a warm-humid condition. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00507.
Namazi, F., Omidi, A., Abbasi, S., Afsar, M., Honarmand, M. & Nazifi, S. 2016. Starvation and refeeding in rats: effect on some parameters of energy metabolism and electrolytes and changes of hepatic tissue. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 36(Supl.1), pp. 1011–1015. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2016001300015.
Okediran, B.S., Amid, S.A., Sanusi, F. & Oladesu, K.O. 2021. Haematological and biochemical changes associated with male rats deprived of feed and water. Ceylon Journal of Science, 50(1), pp. 11–16. doi: 10.4038/cjs.v50i1.7842.
Pal, G., Mishra, H.P., Suvvari, T.K., Tanwar, A., Ghosh, T., Verma, P., Pal, A., Patial, K., Mahapatra, C., Amanullah, N.A., Shukoor, S.A., Kamal, S. & Rohil, V. 2023. Oxidative stress in Wistar rats under acute restraint stress and its modulation by antioxidants and nitric oxide modulators. Cureus, 15(8): e43333. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43333.
Sanvictores, T., Casale, J. & Huecker, M.R. 2023. Physiology, Fasting. In: StatPearls [Online] Tersedia pada: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534877/ [Diakses 4 Juli 2024].
Schrottmaier, W.C., Schmuckenschlager, A., Pirabe, A. & Assinger, A. 2022. Platelets in Viral Infections – Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Frontiers in Immunology Section Microbial Immunology, 13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713.
Smith, A. 2021. Fasting in rodents. Norecopa. [Online] Tersedia pada: https://norecopa.no/3r-guide/fasting-in-rodents [Diakses 2 Juli 2024].
Talbot, S.R., Biernot, S., Bleich, A., van Dijk, R.M., Ernst, L., Hager, C., Helgers, S.O.A., Koegel, B., Koska, I., Kuhla, A., Miljanovic, N., Muller-Graff, F.T., Schwabe, K., Tolba, R., Vollmar, B., Weegh, N., Wolk, T., Wolf, F., Wree, A., Ziglowski, L., Potschka, H. & Zechner, D. 2020. Defining body-weight reduction as a humane endpoint: A critical appraisal. Laboratory Animals, 54(1), pp. 99–110. doi:10.1177/0023677219883319.
Triningtyas, A.Y., Ayukarningsih, Y. & Ramdan, D.S. 2024. Routine hematology and blood sugar profile in premature infants with low birth weight at Dustira hospital in 2021. Jurnal EduHealth, 15(1), pp. 563–571. doi: 10.54209/jurnaleduhealth.v15i01.
Umeya, N., Okada, K., Nishimura, N., Matsumoto, I., Usui, T. & Miyawaki, I. 2024. Effect of food restriction for 3 0r 7 days on toxicity-related parameters in rats. Fundamental Toxicological Sciences, 11(2), pp. 57–67. doi: 10.2131/fts.11.57.
Vasilev, D., Havel, D., Liebscher, S., Slesiona-Kuenzel, S., Logothetis, N.K., Schenke-Layland, K. & Totah, N.K. 2021. Three water restriction schedules used in rodent behavioral tasks transiently impair growth and differentially evoke a stress hormone response without causing dehydration. eNeuro, 8(6), pp. 0424-21. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0424-21.2021.
Vedantam, D., Poman, D.S., Motwani, L., Asif, N., Patel, A. & Anne, K.K. 2022. Stress-induced hyperglycemia: Consequences and management. Cureus, 14(7), e26714. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26714.
Wang, S. & Qin, L. 2022. Homeostatic medicine: a strategy for exploring health and disease. Current Medicine (Cham, Switzerland). 1(1): 16. doi: 10.1007/s44194-022-00016-9.
Warren, A.M. & Grossmann, M. 2022. Haematological actions of androgens. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(5), 101653. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101653.
Wojciak, R.W. 2014. Alterations of selected iron management parameters and activity in food-restricted female Wistar rats (animal anorexia models). Eating and Weight Disorders, 19, pp. 61–68. doi: 10.1007/s40519-013-0078-z.
Yoda, T., Crawshaw, L.I., Yoshida, K., Su, L., Hosono, T., Shido, O., Sakurada, S., Fukuda, Y. & Kanosue, K. 2000. Effects of food deprivation on daily changes in body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation in rats. Regulatory and Integrative Physiology, 278(1), pp. 134–-139. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.1.R134.
Zahra, J.U., Ratnaningtyas, N.I. & Hernayanti, H. 2023. Potensi ekstrak etanol Coprinus comatus terhadap kadar SGOT dan SGPT pada tikus putih model diabetes. BioEksakta: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, 5(1), pp. 7–17. doi: 10.20884/1.bioe.2023.5.1.4739.
Al-Toum, M.O. & Al-Johany, A.M. 2000. Water deprivation and its effect on some blood constituents in Idmi Gazelle, Gazella gazella. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(3), pp. 253–-262. doi: 10.1006/jare.1999.0606.
Archambeau, J.O., Stryckmanns, P. & Brenneis, H. 1968. The effect of food and water deprivation on the peripheral blood parameters of the mouse. Radiation Research, 36(3), pp. 396–409. doi:10.2307/3572576.
Arias-Reyes, C., Soliz, J. & Joseph, V. 2021. Mice and rats display different ventilatory, hematological, and metabolic features of acclimatization to hypoxia. Frontiers in Physiology, 12: 647822. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.647822.
Armstrong, L.E. & Johnson, E.C. 2018. Water intake, water balance, and the elusive daily water requirement. Nutrients, 10(12): 1928. doi: 10.3390/nu10121928.
Barkus, C., Bergmann, C., Branco, T., Carandini, M., Chadderton, P.T., Galinanes, G.L., Gilmour, G., Huber, D., Huxter, J.R., Khan, A.G., King, A.J., Maravall, M., O'Mahony, T., Ragan, C.I., Robinson, E.S.J., Schaefer, A.T., Schultz, S.R., Sengpiel, F. & Prescott, M.J. 2022. Refinements to rodent head fixation and fluid/food control for neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 381: 109705. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109705.
Blonde, G.D., Price, R.K., le Roux, C.W. & Spector, A.C. 2021. Meal patterns and food choices of female rats fed a cafeteria-style diet are altered by gastric bypass surgery. Nutrients, 13(11): 3856. doi: 10.3390/nu13113856.
Bocalini, D.S., Luiz, R.D.A, Silva, K.A.S., Serra, A.J., Avila, R.A., Leopoldo, A.S., Lima-Leopoldo, A.P., da Cunha, M.R.H., Tucci, P.J.F. & dos Santos, L. 2020. Short-term cigarette smoking in rats impairs physical capacity and induces cardiac remodelling. Biomed Research International, 2020: 2589892. doi: 10.1155/2020/2589892.
Cabalar, I., Le, T.H., Silber, A., O'Hara, M., Abdallah, B., Parikh, M. & Busch, R. (2024),. The role of blood testing in prevention, diagnosis, and management of chronic diseases: A review. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 368(4),: pp. 274–-286. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.04.009.
Cornelison, T.L. & Clayton, J.A. 2017. Article commentary: Considering sex as a biological variable in biomedical research. Gender and the Genome, 1(2): pp. 89–93. doi:10.1089/gg.2017.0006.
Dietze, S., Lees, K.R., Fink, H., Brosda, J. & Voigt, J.P. 2016. Food deprivation, body Weight loss and anxiety-related behavior in rats. Animals (Basel), 6(1): 4. doi: 10.3390/ani6010004.
Fitria, L. & Sarto, M. 2014. Profil hematologi tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) galur Wistar jantan dan betina umur 4, 6, dan 8 minggu. Biogenesis, 2(2), pp. 94–100. doi: 10.24252/bio.v2i2.473.
Fitria, L., Gunawan, I.C.P.G., Sanjaya, W.B.T. & Meidianing, M.I. 2022. Single-dose acute oral toxicity study of chloroform extract of Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata Prain.) leaf in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology, 7(1): jtbb69389 doi: 10.22146/jtbb.69389.
Ghose, B., Tang, S., Yaya, S. & Feng, Z. 2016. Association between food insecurity and anemia among women of reproductive age. PeerJ Life & Environment, 4, e1945. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1945.
Hickman, D.L. 2017. Evaluation of the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of chronic distress in the laboratory mouse. Laboratory Animal (NY), 46(7), pp. 303–307. doi: 10.1038/laban.1298.
Holinstat, M. 2017. Normal platelet function. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 36(2), pp. 195–198. doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9677-x.
Jimenez, J.C., Miranda-Barrientos, J., Becerra-Diaz, M. & Miranda, F. 2021. Acute food deprivation decreases the expression of methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. bioRxiv, 2021.04.20.440661. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.20.440661.
Kim, H.Y. 2015. Statistical notes for clinical researchers: A one-way repeated measures ANOVA for data with repeated observations. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 40(1), pp. 91–95. doi: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.91.
Krueger, C., Schrer, K. & Schmidt, M. 2020. Food and water deprivation in laboratory animals. Specialist information from the Committee for Animal Welfare Officers (GV-SOLAS). pp 1–29. [Online] Tersedia pada: https://www.gv-solas.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2020_11Food-water-deprivation.pdf [Diakses 3 Juli 2024].
Marx, J.O., Jacobsen, K.O., Petervary, N.A. & Casebolt, D.B. 2021. A survey of laboratory animal veterinarians regarding mouse welfare in biomedical research. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 60(2), pp. 139–145. doi: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-20-000063.
Muhamed, A.M.C., Yusof, H.A., Stannard, S.R., Muendel, T. & Thompson, M.W. 2019. The efficacy of ingesting water on thermoregulatory responses and running performance in a warm-humid condition. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00507.
Namazi, F., Omidi, A., Abbasi, S., Afsar, M., Honarmand, M. & Nazifi, S. 2016. Starvation and refeeding in rats: effect on some parameters of energy metabolism and electrolytes and changes of hepatic tissue. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira, 36(Supl.1), pp. 1011–1015. doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2016001300015.
Okediran, B.S., Amid, S.A., Sanusi, F. & Oladesu, K.O. 2021. Haematological and biochemical changes associated with male rats deprived of feed and water. Ceylon Journal of Science, 50(1), pp. 11–16. doi: 10.4038/cjs.v50i1.7842.
Pal, G., Mishra, H.P., Suvvari, T.K., Tanwar, A., Ghosh, T., Verma, P., Pal, A., Patial, K., Mahapatra, C., Amanullah, N.A., Shukoor, S.A., Kamal, S. & Rohil, V. 2023. Oxidative stress in Wistar rats under acute restraint stress and its modulation by antioxidants and nitric oxide modulators. Cureus, 15(8): e43333. doi: 10.7759/cureus.43333.
Sanvictores, T., Casale, J. & Huecker, M.R. 2023. Physiology, Fasting. In: StatPearls [Online] Tersedia pada: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534877/ [Diakses 4 Juli 2024].
Schrottmaier, W.C., Schmuckenschlager, A., Pirabe, A. & Assinger, A. 2022. Platelets in Viral Infections – Brave Soldiers or Trojan Horses. Frontiers in Immunology Section Microbial Immunology, 13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856713.
Smith, A. 2021. Fasting in rodents. Norecopa. [Online] Tersedia pada: https://norecopa.no/3r-guide/fasting-in-rodents [Diakses 2 Juli 2024].
Talbot, S.R., Biernot, S., Bleich, A., van Dijk, R.M., Ernst, L., Hager, C., Helgers, S.O.A., Koegel, B., Koska, I., Kuhla, A., Miljanovic, N., Muller-Graff, F.T., Schwabe, K., Tolba, R., Vollmar, B., Weegh, N., Wolk, T., Wolf, F., Wree, A., Ziglowski, L., Potschka, H. & Zechner, D. 2020. Defining body-weight reduction as a humane endpoint: A critical appraisal. Laboratory Animals, 54(1), pp. 99–110. doi:10.1177/0023677219883319.
Triningtyas, A.Y., Ayukarningsih, Y. & Ramdan, D.S. 2024. Routine hematology and blood sugar profile in premature infants with low birth weight at Dustira hospital in 2021. Jurnal EduHealth, 15(1), pp. 563–571. doi: 10.54209/jurnaleduhealth.v15i01.
Umeya, N., Okada, K., Nishimura, N., Matsumoto, I., Usui, T. & Miyawaki, I. 2024. Effect of food restriction for 3 0r 7 days on toxicity-related parameters in rats. Fundamental Toxicological Sciences, 11(2), pp. 57–67. doi: 10.2131/fts.11.57.
Vasilev, D., Havel, D., Liebscher, S., Slesiona-Kuenzel, S., Logothetis, N.K., Schenke-Layland, K. & Totah, N.K. 2021. Three water restriction schedules used in rodent behavioral tasks transiently impair growth and differentially evoke a stress hormone response without causing dehydration. eNeuro, 8(6), pp. 0424-21. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0424-21.2021.
Vedantam, D., Poman, D.S., Motwani, L., Asif, N., Patel, A. & Anne, K.K. 2022. Stress-induced hyperglycemia: Consequences and management. Cureus, 14(7), e26714. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26714.
Wang, S. & Qin, L. 2022. Homeostatic medicine: a strategy for exploring health and disease. Current Medicine (Cham, Switzerland). 1(1): 16. doi: 10.1007/s44194-022-00016-9.
Warren, A.M. & Grossmann, M. 2022. Haematological actions of androgens. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 36(5), 101653. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2022.101653.
Wojciak, R.W. 2014. Alterations of selected iron management parameters and activity in food-restricted female Wistar rats (animal anorexia models). Eating and Weight Disorders, 19, pp. 61–68. doi: 10.1007/s40519-013-0078-z.
Yoda, T., Crawshaw, L.I., Yoshida, K., Su, L., Hosono, T., Shido, O., Sakurada, S., Fukuda, Y. & Kanosue, K. 2000. Effects of food deprivation on daily changes in body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation in rats. Regulatory and Integrative Physiology, 278(1), pp. 134–-139. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.1.R134.
Zahra, J.U., Ratnaningtyas, N.I. & Hernayanti, H. 2023. Potensi ekstrak etanol Coprinus comatus terhadap kadar SGOT dan SGPT pada tikus putih model diabetes. BioEksakta: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, 5(1), pp. 7–17. doi: 10.20884/1.bioe.2023.5.1.4739.
Published
2025-03-12
How to Cite
FITRIA, Laksmindra; OKTAVIA, Nurfitria; RACHID, Ayu Aziza Ar.
Pengaruh Ketiadaan Makan dan Minum Terhadap Kondisi Fisiologis Tikus (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) Galur Wistar.
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, [S.l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 1-11, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2714-8564.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/bioe/article/view/12549>. Date accessed: 03 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2025.7.1.12549.
Section
Articles
