The Political and Economic Impacts of Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities of Humanitarian Intervention in Post-Conflict Space
Abstract
The crisis of Rohingya refugee has been agitating bilateral relations among South East Asian and South Asian countries particularly Bangladesh. Beside the massive influxes of ingoing refugees, the crisis contributes to a massive economic decline in addition to poor assistantship of their host countries. Building from these, this article aims at examining the local community integration policy jointly delivered by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugee (UNHCR) and International Organization for Migration (IOM) together with the governments of host countries in promoting cultural reunification between refugees and native population of Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Moreover, this article seeks to explore the way refugee navigates destination based on sociological, anthropological, and geographical resemblance in which encompasses religious, ethnical, historical, and economic considerations. Methodologically, this article is deliberated through a mix qualitative method where discourse and content analysis are being employed respectively. As a result, this article signifies the inherent legitimacy of cultural and religious institutions that breaches the pre-existing legal restraint as well as weighing up its supremacy against the government’s interest and political agenda. Eventually, the ultimate outcome of this research draws the process on how refugees and native inhabitants shapes reciprocal relationship in times of international rejection and how they influence the development of destination countries economically and politically.
Keywords: Bangladesh, community integration, humanitarian intervention, Indonesia, Rohingya refugee
References
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Pamini, S. N., & Othman, M. R. (2013). The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200107
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Tan, W. S., & Shahrullah, R. S. (2017). Human Rights Protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers: Challenges for Asean. Mimbar Hukum, 29(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16680
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Ullah, A. (2016). Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Seeking Justice for the “Stateless.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 32(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986216660811
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Xiong, D. H. G. (2015). Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Testing Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. RSIS Commentary, 128(128).
Zayzda, N. A., & Wijayanti, S. (2016). Negara Maritim Indonesia, Migrasi Tidak Teratur, dan Hak Pengungsi Lintas Batas. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 3(2), 48–63.
Adam, L., & Negara, S. D. (2015). Improving Human Capital through Better Education to Support Indonesia’s Economic Development. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 61(2), 92-106. https://doi.org/10.7454/efi.v61i2.506
Ahmed, I. (2010). The Rohingyas: From Stateless to Refugees. Scholarly Paper. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1-13. Accessed from http://www.mcrg.ac.in/WC_2015/Reading/D_stateless_Refugee.pdf.
Alchatib, S. R. (2019). Revisiting the Paradox of Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Hostile Host Countries and Regional Ramification. International Conference on Business and Social Science, 6–22.
Ali, M. L. B. (2016). Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Indonesia: Problems and Potentials. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Journal, 8(2), 22–43.
Anwar, D. F. (2005). Indonesia at Large: Collected Writings on ASEAN, Foreign Policy, Security and Democratization. The Habibie Center.
Bachtiar, P. P. (2011). Migration Outflow and Remittance Patterns in Indonesia : National as well as Subnational Perspectives. Philippine Journal of Development, 38(1/2), 27–55.
Belot, S. D. and H. (2017). "Australian citizenship law changes mean migrants will face tougher tests." ABC News. Accessed from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-20/migrants-to-face-tougher-tests-for-australian-citizenship/8456392.
Chaudet, D. (2018). The Rohingya Crisis: Impact and Consequences for South Asia. Journal of Current Affairs, 2(2), 1–17. http://www.ipripak.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/art1dcj22.pdf
Chowdhury, A. (2019). International-domestic linkages in a developing-country context: the case of the Rohingyas in Bangladesh. Policy Studies, 40(3–4), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2018.1557623
Chowdhury, A. (2020). An ‘un-imagined community’: the entangled genealogy of an exclusivist nationalism in Myanmar and the Rohingya refugee crisis. Social Identities, 26(5), 590–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1782731
Danish Immigration Services. (2011). Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and Thailand. Accessed from https://www.refworld.org/docid/4dd0d6f72.html.
Fathun, L. (2018). Geo Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia Di Era Jokowi Dalam Perspektif Kontruktivisme. Journal of Islamic World and Politics, 2(2), 317-344. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.2219
Gaffar, A. (2018). Approaching The Rohingya Crisis. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 22(1), 98–121. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48520051.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ad41bc7bf3149b122d7ba999a05287c4
Green, P., & Macmanus, T. (2015). Countdown to Annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar. Queen Mary University of London: International State Crime Initiative .
ILO. (2013). "Better protecting Indonesian migrant workers through bilateral and multilateral agreements." Accessed from https://www.ilo.org/jakarta/info/public/pr/WCMS_212738/lang--en/index.htm.
Islam, F. (2015). "Draft Human Capital and Capital Formation in Agriculture of Bangladesh." Accessed from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tci/pdf/CapitalFromation/Bangladeshcomments17Oct_JP_Country_Case_Study_on_Human_Capital_Report_Fakhrul_V3.pdf.
Klug, A. (2014). Strengthening the protection of migrants and refugees in distress at sea through international cooperation and burden-sharing. International Journal of Refugee Law, 26(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeu008
Listriani, S., & Rosmawati. (2020). Toward a New Legal Framework for Settling Rohingya’s Refugee Crisis in Indonesia: A Lesson Learned from Aceh Province. Proceedings of the International Conference on Law, Governance and Islamic Society, Atlantis Press, 277–285. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200306.227
Mutsvara, S., & Kugonza, G. (2020). The curse of the Andaman Sea Crisis: Policy implications for Africa on Mixed Migration Flows. Osfpreprint, 1–25. Accessed from https://osf.io/ebt9z.
Nandyatama, R. & Tricesaria, D. (2017). "The Rohingya Crisis: What Could Indonesia Do Better." Indonesia at Melbourne. Accessed from http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/the-rohingya-crisis-what-could-indonesia-do-better/.
Nazamuddin, N. (2010). Demographic changes in Indonesia and the Demand for a New Social Policy. Journal of Policy Science, 5, 19–32. http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/repo/repository/rcube/6507/jps_05_02.pdf
OECD. (2006). International migration outlook: annual report. International Migration, 1–330. Accessed from http://www.amazon.de/dp/9264086013%5Cnhttp://en.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/ocse/ocse_migration_report_2006.pdf.
Oversea Development Insitute. (2016). "Livelihood strategies of Rohingya refugees in Malaysia." Accessed from https://www.odi.org/publications/10449-livelihood-strategies-rohingya-refugees-malaysia.
Pamini, S. N., & Othman, M. R. (2013). The Rohingya refugee crisis and Bangladesh-Myanmar relations. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(1), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200107
Purnamasari, R. S. (2017). Indonesia ’ s Global Workers Juggling Opportunities & Risks. The World Bank, 1–94. Accessed from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/28937/121691-WP-P159694-PUBLIC-IndonesiasGlobalWorkersJugglingOpportunitiesRisks.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Putri, M. V. (2017). "Indonesia’s Diplomatic Efforts in Response to the Rohingya Refugee Crises During President Joko Widodo Administration (2014-2016)." Thesis. President University. http://repository.president.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/857
Sadewa, D. P., Heryadi, D., & Hidayat, T. (2020). Pengaruh Keterlibatan Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) dalam Upaya Peningkatan Produktivitas Pertanian Pasca-Konflik Krisis Pangan Etnis Rohingya di Myanmar. Insignia: Journal of International Relations, 7(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2020.7.1.2243
Sari, D. S., & Hidayat, T. (2018). Indonesian Government Policy on Rohingya Refugees. Andalas Journal of International Studies, VII(1), 1–13.
Tan, W. S., & Shahrullah, R. S. (2017). Human Rights Protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers: Challenges for Asean. Mimbar Hukum, 29(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16680
Taylor, S., & Rafferty-Brown, B. (2010). Difficult Journeys: Accessing Refugee Protection in Indonesia. Monash University Law Review, 36, 1–32.
The Arakan Project. (2016). "Key Issues on the situation of stateless Rohingya women and girls in Rakhine State, Myanmar." Accessed from https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CEDAW/Shared%20Documents/MMR/INT_CEDAW_NGO_MMR_24280_E.pdf.
Tobing, Dio. (2017). Indonesia’s Refugee Policy – Not Ideal, but a Step in the Right Decision. The Conversation. Accessed from https://theconversation.com/indonesias-refugee-policy-not-ideal-but-a-step-in-the-right-direction-75395.
Ty, R. (2019). The rohingya refugee crisis. Sur, 16(29), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429351181-29
Ukhtiyani, K., & Indartono, S. (2020). Impacts of Indonesian Economic Growth: Remittances Migrant Workers and FDI. Jejak, 13(2), 280–291. http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jejak
Ullah, A. (2011). Rohingya refugees to Bangladesh: Historical exclusions and contemporary marginalization. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 9(2), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2011.567149
Ullah, A. (2016). Rohingya Crisis in Myanmar: Seeking Justice for the “Stateless.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 32(3), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986216660811
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2013). Note on the Mandate of the High Commissioner for Refugees. Accessed from http://www.unhcr.org/uk/protection/basic/526a22cb6/mandate-high-commissioner-refugees-office.html.
UNHCR. (2020). "Population Statistic." Accessed from http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview.
UNHCR. (2018). "Asylum Seekers." Accessed from http://www.unhcr.org/asylum-seekers.html.
UNHCR (2017). "UNHCR Fact Sheet: Indonesia: December 2016 Report." Accessed from https://www.unhcr.org/id/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2017/05/Indonesia-Fact-Sheet-December-2016.pdf.
Utami, D. W., & Saleh, R. (2018). Indonesia’s Constitutional Immigration Policy: A Case of Rohingya Ethnic Group Refugees. Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities, 8(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v8i2.84
Wankel, C., & Hipsher, S. A. (2012). "Asian Development Bank." Encyclopedia of Business in Today’s World. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412964289.n41.
World Bank. (2016). "Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) - Indonesia." Accessed from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?end=2016&locations=ID&start=2010&view=chart.
World Meters. (2020). "Indonesia Population (Live)." Accessed from http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/.
Xiong, D. H. G. (2015). Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Testing Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. RSIS Commentary, 128(128).
Zayzda, N. A., & Wijayanti, S. (2016). Negara Maritim Indonesia, Migrasi Tidak Teratur, dan Hak Pengungsi Lintas Batas. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 3(2), 48–63.
Published
2021-03-07
How to Cite
ALCHATIB, Satria Rizaldi.
The Political and Economic Impacts of Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities of Humanitarian Intervention in Post-Conflict Space.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], p. 88-101, mar. 2021.
ISSN 2597-9868.
Available at: <http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/3904>. Date accessed: 29 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2021.0.0.3904.
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