Penguatan Diplomasi Ekonomi Tiongkok di ASEAN melalui ACFTA Upgrading Protocol
Abstract
The relationship between China and ASEAN through ASEAN - China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) has been going on for more than a decade. Unfortunately, during this period, it turned out that ACFTA received a lot of criticism. One of them is not significantly increasing trade – especially in ASEAN – as in the initial goal so that ACFTA was agreed to be reviewed in the ACFTA Upgrading Protocol asigned on November 21, 2015. However, in the renewal, China then insisted that ACFTA have a new cooperation agenda in the e-commerce sector. Even after that, multinational e-commerce companies from China such as Alibaba and Tencent began to expand into the ASEAN region, while ASEAN was not an e-commerce domain because the infrastructure was inadequate as in terms of internet speed and logistics network. This study aims to analyze why China added e-commerce cooperation in the ACFTA Upgrading Protocol. Using qualitative research methods and the concept of economic diplomacy, this research finds that the expansion of the ACFTA cooperation domain to the e-commerce sector is China's diplomatic strategy to strengthen its domination in ASEAN in order to achieve its vision as "strong internet power" (Wanglou Qiangguo). This vision was manifested in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) political agenda and the Internet Plus Strategy that was launched in 2013.
References
Agarwal, R.N. (1999). Financial Liberalisation and Economic Development in China. London: Sage Publications
ASEAN. (2015). 2015 Protocol to Amend the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co-Operation and Certain Agreements Thereunder Between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China. Singapore: Centre for International Law
ASEAN. (2010). ASEAN E-Commerce Database Project. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat
ASEAN. (2015) ASEAN ICT Masterplan 2020. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat
ASEAN Secretariat. (2008, 31 Desember). “The People’s Republic of China Appoints its Ambassador to ASEAN”. Diakses dari https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/PR-ChinaASEANAmb.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat News. (2017, 12 April). “ASEAN, China reaffirm commitment to strong partnership”. Diakses dari http://asean.org/asean-china-reaffirm-commitment-to-strong-partnership/
ASEAN Today. (2018, 3Mei). “Continued Chinese investments in ASEAN e-commerce to boost local economy”. Diakses dari https://www.aseantoday.com/2018/05/continued-chinese-investments-in-asean-e-commerce-to-boost-local-economy/
ASEAN Up. (2018, 26 Maret). “4 ASEAN infographics: population, market, economy”. Diakses dari https://aseanup.com/asean-infographics-population-market-economy/
ASEAN-China Centre. (2013, 23 Agustus). “ASEAN welcomes China's proposal on building upgraded version of ACFTA”. Diakses dari http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-08/23/c_132657688.htm
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area Business Portal. (2017, 13 November). “China, ASEAN to formulate strategic partnership vision toward 2030”. Diakses dari http://www.asean-cn.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=183&id=880
ATKearney Ideas and Insigts, (2013). ”Lifting the Barriers to E-Commerce in ASEAN”. Diakses dari http://www.atkearney.com.au/paper/-/asset_publisher/dVxv4Hz2h8bS/content/lifting-the-barriers-to-e-commerce-in-asean-full-report/10192?_101_INSTANCE_dVxv4Hz2h8bS_redirect=%2Fpaper
Baranay, Pavol. (2009). Modern Economic Diplomacy. Latvia: Publications of Diplomatic Economic Club
Bollier, David. (2003). The Rise of Netpolitik: How the Internet Is Changing International Politics and Diplomacy. Washington DC: The Aspen Institute
Burchill, Scott dan Linklater, Andrew. (2009). Teori-Teori Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Nusa Media
Chakraborty, Debashis dan Kumar, Animesh. (2012). ASEAN and China: New Dimension in Economic Engagement. CHINA REPORT 48: 3 (2012): 327–349, DOI: 10.1177/0009445512462300
Chiang, Min-Hua. (2018). China–ASEAN economic relations after establishment of free trade area. The Pacific Review, DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2018.1470555
China Daily. (2016, 3 September). “Upgrade of ASEAN-China FTA will provide greater trade, investment liberalization: Cambodian minister”. Diakses dari http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-09/03/content_26688824.htm
Chirathivat, Suthiphand. (2002). ASEAN – China Free Trade Area: background, implications, and future development. Journal of Asian Economics 13 (2002) 671-686
Das, Sanchita Basu. (2018). Do the Economic Ties between ASEAN and China Affect Their Strategic Partnership?. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute ISSUE: 2018 No.32 ISSN 2335-6677
Greenwald, Alyssa, (2006). The ASEAN – China Free Trade Area (ACFTA): A Legal Response to China’s Economic Rise?. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law [Vol 16:193 2006]
Hao, Chan Jia. (2018), China’s ‘Digital’ Belt and Road Initiatives: Potentials for India in ASEAN’s Technological Sector. ISAS Working Paper No. 288 – 16 March 2018
Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. (2012, 30 Maret). “Kerjasama ASEAN dan Mitra Wicara”. Diakses dari https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/asean/Pages/Kerjasama-ASEAN-dan-Mitra-Wicara.aspx
Kurlantzick, Joshua. (2018, 15 Juni). “In Southeast Asia, Belt and Road Attracts Takers, But Skepticism is Rising”. Diakses dari https://www.cfr.org/blog/southeast-asia-belt-and-road-attracts-takers-skepticism-rising-0
Lei, Xue dan Sovan, Nguon. (2016, 31 Agustus). “Interview: Upgrading ASEAN-China FTA crucial to boost trade, investment exchanges: Cambodia experts”. Diakses dari http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/31/c_135648717.htm
Lewis, Dev. (2017). China’s Global Internet Ambitions: Finding Roots in ASEAN. Delhi: Institute of Chinese Studies
Mardell, Jacob. (2017, 25 Oktober). “The 'Community of Common Destiny' in Xi Jinping's New Era”. Diakses dari https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/the-community-of-common-destiny-in-xi-jinpings-new-era/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2013, 10 Oktober). “Premier Li Keqiang Attends the 16th ASEAN-China Summit, Stressing to Push for Wide-ranging, In-depth, High-level, All-dimensional Cooperation between China and ASEAN and Continue to Write New Chapter of Bilateral Relations”. Diakses dari https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/lkqzlcxdyldrxlhy_665684/t1088098.shtml
Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2015). “A Guide to Understanding the ASEAN-CHINA Free Trade Upgrade”. Diakses dari https://www.mti.gov.sg/MTIInsights/SiteAssets/Pages/Guide-to-the-upgraded-ASEAN-China-Free-Trade-Area-(ACFTA)/A%20Guide%20to%20Understanding%20the%20ACFTA%20Upgrade%20(final).pdf
Mionel, Oana. (2016). The Importance of the Economic Diplomacy for the Transnational Corporations in Globalization Era. Christian University Bucharest, vol. 8(1), pages 192-195
MOFCOM. (2015, 2 Desember) “Xinhua News Agency Gao Hucheng Is Interviewed by the Xinhua News Agency on the Successful Signing of the China-ASEAN FTA Upgrading Protocol”. Diakses dari http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinadmen/endmnews/201512/29597_1.html
Prasetya, Andika. (2018). Keunggulan Komparatif dan Ketergantungan Negara-negara ASEAN ke Tiongkok dalam kerja sama ASEAN – China Free Trade Area. Bandar Lampung; Universitas Lampung
Putera, Andri Donnal. (2017, 5 Desember). “Alibaba Group Latih Ribuan UKM Indonesia”. Diakses dari https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2017/12/05/123006226/alibaba-group-latih-ribuan-ukm-indonesia
Riyanto, Budi. (2015). Peran dan Tantangan Kerjasama Subregional dalam Mewujudkan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA): Pendekatan Multilevel Governance. Insignia Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 02, p. 28-51, nov. 2015. ISSN 2597-9868.
Rui, Wang. (2018). Internationalization Strategy of Chinese E-Commerce Firms: The Case of Alibaba Group. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University
Sen, Arya dkk. (2016). E-Commerce in ASEAN - Taking Off. Singapore: Jefferies Franchise Note
Soong, Jenn-Jaw. (2016). The Political Economy of Development Between China and the ASEAN States: Opportunity and Challenge. The Chinese Economy, 49:6, 395-399, DOI: 10.1080/10971475.2016.1207972
Statista. (2018). “Total population of the ASEAN countries from 2008 to 2018 (in milllion inhabitants)”. Diakses dari https://www.statista.com/statistics/796222/total-population-of-the-asean-countries/
Sun, Ying. (2017). The Reasons Why China’s OBOR Initiative Goes Digital. Denmark: Aalborg University and University of International Relations
The Star. (2015, 22 November). “ASEAN, China sign protocol to upgrade economic agreement framework”. Diakses dari https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/11/22/asean-and-china-sign-protocol-to-upgrade-economic-agreement-framework/
Wang, Vincent Wei-chen. (2006). China's Economic Statecraft Toward Southeast Asia: Free Trade Agreement and "Peaceful Rise". American Journal of Chinese Studies 13, no. 1 (April 2006): 5-34
Weins, Niklas W. (2016). A Constructivist Perspective on the Rise of China: A Case of Regional Norm Entrepreneurship?. Parana: Federal University of Technology.
Yani, Mochamad Yanyan dan Nizmi, Yusnarida Eka. (2018). Penerapan Konsep Cross Border Regions (CBRs) Dalam Kerjasama Ekonomi Sub-regional Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapura Growth Triangle (IMS-GT). Insignia Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 31-45, may 2018. ISSN 2597-9868.
Yunling, Zhang dan Yuzhu, Wang. (2016). ASEAN in China’s Grand Strategy. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
ASEAN. (2015). 2015 Protocol to Amend the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co-Operation and Certain Agreements Thereunder Between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China. Singapore: Centre for International Law
ASEAN. (2010). ASEAN E-Commerce Database Project. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat
ASEAN. (2015) ASEAN ICT Masterplan 2020. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat
ASEAN Secretariat. (2008, 31 Desember). “The People’s Republic of China Appoints its Ambassador to ASEAN”. Diakses dari https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/PR-ChinaASEANAmb.pdf
ASEAN Secretariat News. (2017, 12 April). “ASEAN, China reaffirm commitment to strong partnership”. Diakses dari http://asean.org/asean-china-reaffirm-commitment-to-strong-partnership/
ASEAN Today. (2018, 3Mei). “Continued Chinese investments in ASEAN e-commerce to boost local economy”. Diakses dari https://www.aseantoday.com/2018/05/continued-chinese-investments-in-asean-e-commerce-to-boost-local-economy/
ASEAN Up. (2018, 26 Maret). “4 ASEAN infographics: population, market, economy”. Diakses dari https://aseanup.com/asean-infographics-population-market-economy/
ASEAN-China Centre. (2013, 23 Agustus). “ASEAN welcomes China's proposal on building upgraded version of ACFTA”. Diakses dari http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-08/23/c_132657688.htm
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area Business Portal. (2017, 13 November). “China, ASEAN to formulate strategic partnership vision toward 2030”. Diakses dari http://www.asean-cn.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=183&id=880
ATKearney Ideas and Insigts, (2013). ”Lifting the Barriers to E-Commerce in ASEAN”. Diakses dari http://www.atkearney.com.au/paper/-/asset_publisher/dVxv4Hz2h8bS/content/lifting-the-barriers-to-e-commerce-in-asean-full-report/10192?_101_INSTANCE_dVxv4Hz2h8bS_redirect=%2Fpaper
Baranay, Pavol. (2009). Modern Economic Diplomacy. Latvia: Publications of Diplomatic Economic Club
Bollier, David. (2003). The Rise of Netpolitik: How the Internet Is Changing International Politics and Diplomacy. Washington DC: The Aspen Institute
Burchill, Scott dan Linklater, Andrew. (2009). Teori-Teori Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Nusa Media
Chakraborty, Debashis dan Kumar, Animesh. (2012). ASEAN and China: New Dimension in Economic Engagement. CHINA REPORT 48: 3 (2012): 327–349, DOI: 10.1177/0009445512462300
Chiang, Min-Hua. (2018). China–ASEAN economic relations after establishment of free trade area. The Pacific Review, DOI: 10.1080/09512748.2018.1470555
China Daily. (2016, 3 September). “Upgrade of ASEAN-China FTA will provide greater trade, investment liberalization: Cambodian minister”. Diakses dari http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2016-09/03/content_26688824.htm
Chirathivat, Suthiphand. (2002). ASEAN – China Free Trade Area: background, implications, and future development. Journal of Asian Economics 13 (2002) 671-686
Das, Sanchita Basu. (2018). Do the Economic Ties between ASEAN and China Affect Their Strategic Partnership?. ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute ISSUE: 2018 No.32 ISSN 2335-6677
Greenwald, Alyssa, (2006). The ASEAN – China Free Trade Area (ACFTA): A Legal Response to China’s Economic Rise?. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law [Vol 16:193 2006]
Hao, Chan Jia. (2018), China’s ‘Digital’ Belt and Road Initiatives: Potentials for India in ASEAN’s Technological Sector. ISAS Working Paper No. 288 – 16 March 2018
Kementrian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. (2012, 30 Maret). “Kerjasama ASEAN dan Mitra Wicara”. Diakses dari https://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/asean/Pages/Kerjasama-ASEAN-dan-Mitra-Wicara.aspx
Kurlantzick, Joshua. (2018, 15 Juni). “In Southeast Asia, Belt and Road Attracts Takers, But Skepticism is Rising”. Diakses dari https://www.cfr.org/blog/southeast-asia-belt-and-road-attracts-takers-skepticism-rising-0
Lei, Xue dan Sovan, Nguon. (2016, 31 Agustus). “Interview: Upgrading ASEAN-China FTA crucial to boost trade, investment exchanges: Cambodia experts”. Diakses dari http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-08/31/c_135648717.htm
Lewis, Dev. (2017). China’s Global Internet Ambitions: Finding Roots in ASEAN. Delhi: Institute of Chinese Studies
Mardell, Jacob. (2017, 25 Oktober). “The 'Community of Common Destiny' in Xi Jinping's New Era”. Diakses dari https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/the-community-of-common-destiny-in-xi-jinpings-new-era/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2013, 10 Oktober). “Premier Li Keqiang Attends the 16th ASEAN-China Summit, Stressing to Push for Wide-ranging, In-depth, High-level, All-dimensional Cooperation between China and ASEAN and Continue to Write New Chapter of Bilateral Relations”. Diakses dari https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/lkqzlcxdyldrxlhy_665684/t1088098.shtml
Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2015). “A Guide to Understanding the ASEAN-CHINA Free Trade Upgrade”. Diakses dari https://www.mti.gov.sg/MTIInsights/SiteAssets/Pages/Guide-to-the-upgraded-ASEAN-China-Free-Trade-Area-(ACFTA)/A%20Guide%20to%20Understanding%20the%20ACFTA%20Upgrade%20(final).pdf
Mionel, Oana. (2016). The Importance of the Economic Diplomacy for the Transnational Corporations in Globalization Era. Christian University Bucharest, vol. 8(1), pages 192-195
MOFCOM. (2015, 2 Desember) “Xinhua News Agency Gao Hucheng Is Interviewed by the Xinhua News Agency on the Successful Signing of the China-ASEAN FTA Upgrading Protocol”. Diakses dari http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinadmen/endmnews/201512/29597_1.html
Prasetya, Andika. (2018). Keunggulan Komparatif dan Ketergantungan Negara-negara ASEAN ke Tiongkok dalam kerja sama ASEAN – China Free Trade Area. Bandar Lampung; Universitas Lampung
Putera, Andri Donnal. (2017, 5 Desember). “Alibaba Group Latih Ribuan UKM Indonesia”. Diakses dari https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2017/12/05/123006226/alibaba-group-latih-ribuan-ukm-indonesia
Riyanto, Budi. (2015). Peran dan Tantangan Kerjasama Subregional dalam Mewujudkan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA): Pendekatan Multilevel Governance. Insignia Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 02, p. 28-51, nov. 2015. ISSN 2597-9868.
Rui, Wang. (2018). Internationalization Strategy of Chinese E-Commerce Firms: The Case of Alibaba Group. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University
Sen, Arya dkk. (2016). E-Commerce in ASEAN - Taking Off. Singapore: Jefferies Franchise Note
Soong, Jenn-Jaw. (2016). The Political Economy of Development Between China and the ASEAN States: Opportunity and Challenge. The Chinese Economy, 49:6, 395-399, DOI: 10.1080/10971475.2016.1207972
Statista. (2018). “Total population of the ASEAN countries from 2008 to 2018 (in milllion inhabitants)”. Diakses dari https://www.statista.com/statistics/796222/total-population-of-the-asean-countries/
Sun, Ying. (2017). The Reasons Why China’s OBOR Initiative Goes Digital. Denmark: Aalborg University and University of International Relations
The Star. (2015, 22 November). “ASEAN, China sign protocol to upgrade economic agreement framework”. Diakses dari https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/11/22/asean-and-china-sign-protocol-to-upgrade-economic-agreement-framework/
Wang, Vincent Wei-chen. (2006). China's Economic Statecraft Toward Southeast Asia: Free Trade Agreement and "Peaceful Rise". American Journal of Chinese Studies 13, no. 1 (April 2006): 5-34
Weins, Niklas W. (2016). A Constructivist Perspective on the Rise of China: A Case of Regional Norm Entrepreneurship?. Parana: Federal University of Technology.
Yani, Mochamad Yanyan dan Nizmi, Yusnarida Eka. (2018). Penerapan Konsep Cross Border Regions (CBRs) Dalam Kerjasama Ekonomi Sub-regional Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapura Growth Triangle (IMS-GT). Insignia Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 31-45, may 2018. ISSN 2597-9868.
Yunling, Zhang dan Yuzhu, Wang. (2016). ASEAN in China’s Grand Strategy. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Published
2019-02-26
How to Cite
NUGRAHA, Calista Laurinne.
Penguatan Diplomasi Ekonomi Tiongkok di ASEAN melalui ACFTA Upgrading Protocol.
Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 5, n. 2, p. 67-84, feb. 2019.
ISSN 2597-9868.
Available at: <http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/1261>. Date accessed: 02 may 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2018.5.2.1261.
Section
Articles
Authors who publish in this Journal agree to the following terms:
1. The author retains copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution license that allows others to share the work within an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication of this journal.
2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal).
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) before and during submission, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and more extraordinary citations of published works.
.png)
