PCR, Immunoassay dan Repon Imunitas Penderita SARS nCoV-2, Sebuah Narasi
Abstract
Data kasus COVID-19 di Indonesia berdasarkan informasi Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19 per tanggal 12 Desember 2020 tercatat sejumlah 617,820 kasus terkonfirmasi positif dengan angka kesembuhan sebanyak 505,836 kasus dan 18,819 pasien meninggal, sementara di Provinsi NTB berdasarkan data pertanggal 10 Desember 2020, jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi positif mencapai 4.987 kasus dengan 144 pasien meninggal, sedangkan Kota Bima menyumbang 455 kasus positif dengan 13 pasien meninggal (Gugus Tugas COVID-19 Prov. NTB., 2020).
Persentase laki-laki pada kasus COVID-19 dengan kondisi parah dan kritis lebih tinggi daripada perempuan dengan persentasi kesembuhan yang maksimal terjadi pada kasus ringan (tanpa comorbid) dengan tingkat antibodi IgG lebih tinggi dan level IgM menurun secara bertahap ketika pasien dinyatakan sembuh (Hongyan et al., 2020).
Aspek kunci untuk membatasi penyebaran virus adalah memastikan diagnosa cepat dan akurat terhadap infeksi virus dan memberikan jenis karantina yang sesuai bagi pasien terinfeksi. Metode deteksi dengan qPCR atau sequencing sering gagal untuk mendeteksi infeksi virus jika pengumpulan spesimen tidak optimal. Hal ini dikarenakan viral load rendah pada stadium awal, viral load disupresi imun host atau sampel diambil pada tahap terakhir dari perjalanan infeksi (Na et al., 2020) sehingga diperlukan metode deteksi yang cepat dan akurat. Tes serologis diharapkan berfungsi sebagai pendekatan diagnosa yang lebih cepat ketika terdapat limitasi pada pemeriksaan asam nukleat dengan PCR (Fei et al. 2020). Hal yang perlu menjadi perhatian pada pemeriksaan berbasis serologi termasuk pada pemeriksaan COVID-19 adalah perlunya mempelajari respon imun yang terbentuk pasca infeksi virus yang kemungkinan berbeda pada setiap manusia (Yufang et al., 2020).
References
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Fei X., Wang, X., He, X., Peng, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, J., Zhou, Q., Ye, H., Ma, Y., Li, H., Wei, X., Cai, P., and Ma, W.L., 2020. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Giuseppe L., Salvagno, G.L., Pegoraro, M., Militello, V., Caloi, C., Peretti, A., Gaino, S., Bassi, A., Bovo, C., and Cascio, G.L., 2020. Assessment of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 with fully automated MAGLUMI 2019-nCoV IgG and IgM chemiluminescence immunoassays. Clin Chem Lab Med. Doi : 10.1515/cclm-2020-0473.
Gugus Tugas Percepatan Penanganan COVID-19, 2020 dan Provinsi NTB, 2020. Diakses pada tanggal 23 Agustus 2020 pukul 19.00 WIB. 2020.
Hongyan H., Wang, T., Zhang, B., Luo, Y., Mao, L., Wang, F., Wu, S., and Sun, Z., 2020. Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in patients with Coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical & Translational Immunology. Doi : 10.1002/cti2.1136.
Jie C., Li, F., and Shi, Z.L., 2019. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews. Doi : 10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9.
Junxiong P., Wang, M.X., Ang, I.Y.H., Tan, S.H.X., Lewis, R.F., Chen, J.I.P., Gutierrez, R.A., Gwee, S.X.W., Chua, P.E.Y., Yang, Q., Ng, X.Y., Yap., R.K.S., Tan, H.Y., Teo, Y.Y., Tan, C.C., Cook, A.R., Yap, J.C.H., and Hsu, L.Y., 2020. Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Doi : 10.3390/jcm9030623.
Kazuo I., Tabata, S., Ikeda, M., Noguchi, S., Kitagawa, Y., Matuoka, M., Miyoshi, K., Tarumoto, N., Sakai, J., Ito, T., Maesaki, S., Tamura, K., and Maeda T., 2020. Clinical evaluation of an immunochromatographic IgM/IgG antibody assay and chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Virology. Doi : 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104393.
Kelvin K.W.T., Tsang, O.T., Leung, W.S., Tam., A.R., Wu, T.C., Lung, D.C., Yip, C.C.Y., Cai, J.P., Chan, J.M.C., Chik, T.S.H., Lau, D.P.L., Choi, C.Y.C., Chen, L.L., Chan, W.M., Chan, K.H., Ip, J.D., Ng, A.C.K., Poon, R.W.S., Luo, C.T., Cheng, V.C.C., Chan, J.F.W., Hung, I.F.N., Chen, H., and Yuen, K.Y., 2020. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. Doi : 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30196-1.
Li G., Ren, L., Yang, S., Xiao, M., Chang, D., Yang, F., Cruz, C.S.D., Wang, Y., Wu,C., Xiao, Y., Zhang, L., Han, L., Dang, S., Xu, Y., Yang, Q.W., Xu, S.Y., Zhu, Y.C., Xu, Y.C., Jin, Q., Sharma, L., Wang, L., and Wang, J., 2020. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical Infetious Diseases. Doi : 10.1093/cid/ciaa310.
Mustafa S., Fletcher, T.E., Elaldi, N., Ozkurt, Z., Bastug, A., Yilmaz, G., Guner, R., Duygu, F., and Beeching, N.J., 2020. Antibody against nucleocapsid protein predicts susceptibility to human coronavirus infection. The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Doi : 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.07.003.
Nandini S., Jeremiah, S.S., and Ryo, A., 2020. Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8259.
Na Zhu., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., and Tan, W., A novel coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine. Doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
Nelson L., Chan, P.K.S., Ip, M., Wong, E., Ho, J., Ho, C., Cockram, C.S., dan Hui, D.S., 2006. Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Journal of Clinical Virology. Doi : 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.07.005.
Nisreen M.A.O., Muller, M.A., Li, W., Wang, C., GeurtsvanKessel, C.H., Corman, V.M., Lamers, M.M., Sikkema, R.S., de Bruin, E., Chandler, F.D., Yazdanpanah, Y., Hingrat, Q.L., Descamps, D., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Reusken, C.B.E.M., Bosch, B.J., Drosten, C., Koopmans, M.P.G., and Haagmans, B.L., 2020. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv preprint. Doi : 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038059.
Roman W., Corman, V.M., Guggemos, W., Seilmaier, M., Zange, S., Muller, M.A., Niemeyer, D., Jones, T.C., Vollmar, P., Rothe, C., Hoelscher, M., Bleicker, T., Brunink,S., Schneider, J., Ehmann, R., Zwirglmaier, K., Drosten,C., and Wendtner, C., 2020. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. Doi : 10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
Shufa Z., Fan, J., Yu, F., Feng, B., Lou, B., Zou, Q., Xie, G., Lin, S., Wang,R., Yang,X., Chen, W., Wang, Q., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Gong, R., Ma, Z., Lu, S., Xiao, Y., Gu, Y., Zhang, J., Yao, H., Xu, K., Lu, X., Wei, G., Zhou, J., Fang, Q., Cai, H., Qiu, y., Sheng, J., Chen, Y., dan Liang, T., 2020. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1443.
Thermofisher. Real-time PCR handbook. 2016. Applied biosystem : 2-68
Tove H., Nissen, K., Krambrich, J., Ronnberg, B., Akaberi, D., Esmaeilzadeh, M., Salaneck, E., Lindahl, J., and Lundkvist, 2020. A., Evaluation of a COVID-19 IgM and IgG rapid test; an efficient tool for assessment of past exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. Doi : 10.1080/20008686.2020.1754538.
Viljoen Gerrit, J., Louis, H.N., and John, R.C., 2005. Molecular Diagnostic PCR Handbook. Springer, pp. 1-260
Wenling W., Xu, Y., Gao, R., Lu, R., Han, K., Wu, G., and Tan, W., 2020. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. Doi : 10.1001/jama.2020.3786.
Yufang S., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., Bucci, E., Piacentini, M., Ippolito, G., and Melino, G., 2020. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death & Differentiation. Doi : 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3.
Zu-Li Z., Hou, Y.L., Li, D.T., and Li, F.Z., 2020. Diagnostic efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM test for COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Doi : 10.1002/jmv.26211.
Published
2021-04-10
How to Cite
ADHIN, Asry; SHOALIHAT, Farhatush.
PCR, Immunoassay dan Repon Imunitas Penderita SARS nCoV-2, Sebuah Narasi.
BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed, [S.l.], v. 2, n. 4, p. 523-530, apr. 2021.
ISSN 2714-8564.
Available at: <http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/bioe/article/view/3666>. Date accessed: 25 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.3.3666.
Section
Articles
