HUBUNGAN KADAR TIMBAL, ARSEN, DAN AIR RAKSA DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK CEREBRAL PALSY DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
Abstract
Latar Belakang Salah satu faktor risiko penyebab cerebral palsy adalah paparan logam berat. Timbal (Pb), arsen (As), dan air raksa (Hg) merupakan logam berat yang neurotoksik. Pb, Hg, dan As juga dapat mempengaruhi status gizi anak normal maupun anak cerebral palsy. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar Pb, As, dan Hg dengan status gizi anak cerebral palsy di Kabupaten Banyumas. Metode Rancangan penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional. Sampel ditetapkan dengan non probability sampling menggunakan metode consecutive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengisi kuesioner data diri, mengukur tinggi dan berat badan, serta memotong rambut anak untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar Pb, As dan Hg dengan spektrofotometer serapan atom (SSA). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Spearman. Hasil didapatkan sebanyak 24 anak cerebral palsy usia 1-12 tahun. Karakteristik data yang diperoleh berdasarkan jenis kelamin didapatkan mayoritas laki-laki (54,2%) dan berdasarkan usia paling banyak berusia 6-12 tahun (70,8%). Uji statistik menunjukkan kadar Pb (p = 0,716) tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi anak cerebral palsy di Kabupaten Banyumas. Hasil uji statistik kadar arsen (p = 0,681) tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi anak cerebral palsy di Kabupaten Banyumas. Uji statistik kadar air raksa (p = 0,453) menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan dengan status gizi anak cerebral palsy di Kabupaten Banyumas.
References
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Aini, N., Pratiwi, A., R., Dewi, A., P., & Wati, D., A. 2022. Hubungan Asupan Kalsium dan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Kepadatan Tulang pada Wanita Usia Subur. Jurnal Kesehatan. 13(2): 247-252.
Aisya, H., Rochmah, N., Susanto, H., Putera, A., M., & Lubis. Hubungan Fungsi Tiroid dengan Pertumbuhan pada Anak Sindrom Down di Poli Endokrin Anak RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia. 7(11): 15930-15938.
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Brunner, M., D., L., M., R., Cieri, M., E., Marco, M., P., R., Schroeder, A., S., & Cuestas, E. 2020. Nutritional Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy Attending Rehabilitation Centers. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 62(12): 1383-1388.
Cahyady, B., Taufik, M., & Suharman. 2021. Analisis Kadar Arsen (As) pada Sayur Kubis Hijau (Brassica oleracea L.) Pasca Erupsi Gunung Sinabung. Journal of Chemistry. 9(1): 32-36.
Cho, K., Y. 2021. Association of Blood Mercury Levels with the Risks of Overweight and High Waist-to-Height Ratio in Children and Adolescents: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children (Basel). 8(12): 2-17.
Daramusseng, A. 2019. Hubungan Status Gizi dan Kebiasaan Mengkonsumsi Sayuran dengan Konsentrasi Timbal dalam Darah pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar, Kabupaten Brebes. Info Kesehatan. 9(1): 55-60.
Domingo, J., L., & Marquès, M. 2021. The Effects of Some Essential and Toxic Metals/Metalloids in COVID-19: A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 152(1): 1-8.
Ekawanti, A., & Priyambodo, S. 2020. Intoksikasi Merkuri: Faktor Risiko, Patofisiologi dan Dampaknya Bagi Wanita Hamil di Daerah Lingkar Tambang. Jurnal Kedokteran. 9(2): 158-165.
Ervianti, T., Ikhtiar, M., Bintara, A., Hasanuddin, & Habo, H. 2021. Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Timbal (Pb) pada Pa’limbang-limbang di Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Kota Makassar. Jurnal Sanitasi dan Lingkungan. 2(1): 128-138.
Fadillah, M., Andarwulan, N., & Faridah, D., N. 2022. Consumtion of Drinking Water and Its Contribution to Lead (Pb) Exposure in Toddlers Nutritional Status in Indonesia. Jurnal Mutu Pangan. 9(1): 36-44.
Gannika, L. 2023. Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Tumbuh Kembang pada Anak Usia 1-5 Tahun: Litterature Review. Jurnal Ners. 7(1): 668-674.
Gyasi, E., O. 2018. Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress—A Life Course Approach in U.S. Adults. Toxics. 6(3): 1-10.
Harfana, C., Rosidi, A., Ulvie, Y., N., S., & Sulistiani, R., P. 2021. TSH dan fT$ dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) pada Pasien Dewasa: Studi Cross-Sectional di Klinik Litbangkes Magelang. Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia. 13(1): 11-24.
Hernanz, Á., M., Estecha, M., G., Blanco, M., Fuentes, M., Iriarte J., M., O., Bru, I., P., & et al. 2019. Blood Lead in Children and Associations with Trace Elements and Sociodemographic Factors. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 58(1): 1-31.
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Hu Q, Han X, Dong G, Yan W, Wang X, Bigambo FM, Fang K, Xia Y, Chen T, Wang X 2021. Association between mercury exposure and thyroid hormones levels: A meta-analysis . Environmental Research 196. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110928
Karagas, M. R., Choi, A. L., Oken, E., Horvat, M., Schoeny, R., Kamai, E., Cowell, W. & et al. 2012. Evidence on The Human Health Effects of Low-Level Methylmercury Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(6): 799–806.
Khanifah, F. 2022. Hubungan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Rambut dan Darah Pekerja Bengkel Motor sebagai Bioindikator di Kabupaten Jombang. Jurnal Wiyata. 9(2): 142-148.
Lombó, C., G., Pappa, A., Panayiotidis, M., I., Gonsebatt, M., E., & Franco, R. 2019. Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Mechanistic Appraisal. J Biol Inorg Chem. 24(8):1305-1316.
Ma, J., Geng, S., Sun, Q., Zhang, X., Han, L., Yao, X., Zhang, B., & et al. 2023. Exposure to Metal Mixture and Young Children’s Growth and Development: A Biomonitoring-Based Study in Eastern China. Ecotoxicology and Environtmental Safety. 268(1): 1-9.
Mansur, A. 2023. Enhancing Nutritional Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy: The Impact of Parental Feeding Rules Counseling and Special Spoon Utilization. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies. 10(2): 273-286.
Marques, R., C., Dórea, J., G., Leão, R., S., Santos V., G., D., Bueno, L., Marques, R., C., & et al. 2012. Role of Methylmercury Exposure (from Fish Consumption) on Growth and Neurodevelopment of Children under 5 Years of Age Living in a Transitioning (Tin-Mining) Area of the Western Amazon, Brazil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 62(2):341-350.
Mayo Clinic Laboratories. 2024. Arsenic, Hair (online). Neurology Catalog. https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/ASHA. Diakses 30 Januari 2024.
Mclntyre, S., & el al. 2022. Global Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 64(12): 1494-1506.
Mood, M., B., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M., R., & Sadeghi, M. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12(1): 1-19.
Moody, E., C., Colicino, E., Wright, R., O., Mupere, E., Jaramillo, E., G., & Amarasiriwardena, C., et al. 2020. Environmental Exposure to Metal Mixtures and Linear Growth in Healthy Ugandan Children. Plos One. 15(5): 1-13.
Nadheswari, Jayapradha, Nalla, S., V., Dubey, I., & Kushwaha, S. 2023. Arsenic-Induced Thyroid Hormonal Alterations and Their Putative Influence on Ovarian Follicles in Balb/c Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 10(1): 11-23.
Nurjazuli, Darundiati, Y., H., & Wardoyo, S. 2021. Paparan Plumbum (Pb) sebagai Pemicu Stunting pada Balita. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan. 15(3): 37-43.
Oktavia, S., D., Saebani, & Dhanardhono, T. 2019. Pengaruh Pemberian Kalsium terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin dan Hematokrit Mencit Balb/C yang Diinduksi Timbal. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro. 8(1): 492-500.
Papadopoulou, E., Botton, J., Caspersen, I., H., Alexander, J., Eggesbø, M., Haugen, M., & et al. 2021. Maternal Seafood Intake during Pregnancy, Prenatal Mercury Exposure and Child Body Mass Index Trajectories Up to 8 Years. International Journal of Epidemiology. 50(4): 1134-1146.
Putri, S., M., A., P., Kurniawan, C., D., & Silakarma, D. 2019. Faktor Prenatal, Perinatal, dan Postnatal Kejadian Cerebral Palsy pada Anak di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Sanglah Denpasar. Jurnal Medika Udayana. 8(8): 1-6.
Qomariyah, A. 2022. Analisis Kadar Timbal dan Arsen dalam Darah dengan Metode Spektroskopi Serapan Atom. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains dan Teknologi. 12(1): 66-71.
Reza, Karimuna, S., R., & Fachlevy, A., F. 2016. Analisis Perbedaan Potensi Risiko Keterpaparan Merkuri pada Masyarakat di Desa Tahi Ite Kecamatan Rarowatu Kabupaten Bombana Tahun 2016. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat. 1(4): 1-13.
Riskesdas. 2019. Laporan Provinsi Jawa Tengah Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Badan Litbang Kesehatan.
Romeo, D., M., Venezia, I., & Brogna, C. 2022. Cerebral Palsy and Sex Differences in Children: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 101(5): 783-795.
Rosita, B., & Suharika, B. 2019. Analisa Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg) pada Kuku dan Kadar Hemoglobin (Hb) Penambang Emas di Nagari Abai Siat Kecamatan Sangir Solok Selatan. 2(1): 25-30.
Sacramento, & et al. 2021. Human Neurotoxicity of Mercury in The Amazon: A Scoping Review with Insight and Critical Considerations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 208(1): 1-13.
Saha, K., K., Engstrom, A., Hamadani, J., D., Tofail, F., Rasmussen, K., M., & Vahter, M. 2012. Pre- and Postnatal Arsenic Exposure and Body Size to 2 Years of Age: A Cohort Study in Rural Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 120(8): 1208-1214.
Sergeyev, O., Burns, J., S., Williams, P., L., Korrick, S., A., Lee, M., M., Revich, B., & et al. 2017. The Association of Peripubertal Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Chemicals and Blood Lead with Growth and Pubertal Development in A Longitudinal Cohort of Boys: A Review of Published Results from the Russian Children's Study. Rev Environ Health. 32(1-2):83-92.
Sulistyawati, N., & Mansur, A., R. 2019. Identifikasi Faktor Penyebab dan Tanda Gejala Anak dengan Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Kesehatan Karya Husada. 7(1); 77-89.
Syahid, A. 2020. Gangguan Berbahasa pada Penderita Cerebral Palsy Sebuah Kajian Linguistik Klinis. Journal on Language and Literature. 6(2): 175-186.
Trisnowiyanto, B., & Purwanto, Y. 2019. Faktor Risiko Prenatal, Perinatal & Postnatal pada Kejadian Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Terpadu Ilmu Kesehatan. 8(2): 204-209.
UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). 2022. Ringkasan Kebijakan. Mengurangi Keracunan Timbal pada Anak-Anak di Indonesia (online). https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/laporan/mengurangi-keracunan-timbal-pada-anak-anak-di-indonesia. Diakses 3 Februari 2024.
Vahter, M., E. 2007. Interactions between Arsenic-Induced Toxicity and Nutrition in Early Life. The Journal of Nutrition. 137(12): 2798-2804.
Venkatratnam, A., Marable, C., A., Keshava, A., M., & Fry, R., C. 2021. Relationships among Inorganic Arsenic, Nutritional Status CpG Methylation and microRNAs: A Review of the Literature. Epigenetics Insights. 14(1): 1-9.
Weyde, K., V., F., Winterton, A., Surén, P., Andersen, G., L., Vik, T., & Biele, G. 2023. Association between gestational levels of toxic metals and essential elements and cerebral palsy in children. Frontiers in Neurology. 17(14): 1-15.
Wiyasihati, S., I., & Wigati, K., W. 2016. Potensi Bayam Merah (Amaranthus tricolor L) sebagai Antioksidan pada Toksisitas Timbal yang Diinduksi pada Mencit. MKB. 48(2): 63-67.
Wyatt, L., Permar, S., R., Ortiz, E., Berky, A., Woods, C., W., & Amouou, G., F. 2019. Mercury Exposure and Poor Nutritional Status Reduce Response to Six Expanded Program on Immunization Vaccines in Children: An Observational Cohort Study of Communities Affected by Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon. International Journal of Environtmental Reserch and Public Health. 16(4): 1-22.
Zhu, H., Mao, S. & Li, W. 2023. Association between Cu/Zn/Iron/Ca/Mg levels and cerebral palsy: a pooled-analysis. Sci Rep 13, 18427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45697-w.
Agustina, T. 2014. Kontaminasi Logam Berat pada Makanan dan Dampaknya pada Kesehatan. Teknobuga. 1(1): 53-65.
Aini, N., Pratiwi, A., R., Dewi, A., P., & Wati, D., A. 2022. Hubungan Asupan Kalsium dan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Kepadatan Tulang pada Wanita Usia Subur. Jurnal Kesehatan. 13(2): 247-252.
Aisya, H., Rochmah, N., Susanto, H., Putera, A., M., & Lubis. Hubungan Fungsi Tiroid dengan Pertumbuhan pada Anak Sindrom Down di Poli Endokrin Anak RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia. 7(11): 15930-15938.
Benefice, E., Monrroy, S., J., L., & Rodriguez, R., W. 2014. A Nutritional Dilemma: Fish Consumption, Mercury Exposure, and Growth of Children in Amazonial Bolivia. International Journal of Environtmental Health Research. 18(6): 415-427.
Brunner, M., D., L., M., R., Cieri, M., E., Marco, M., P., R., Schroeder, A., S., & Cuestas, E. 2020. Nutritional Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy Attending Rehabilitation Centers. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 62(12): 1383-1388.
Cahyady, B., Taufik, M., & Suharman. 2021. Analisis Kadar Arsen (As) pada Sayur Kubis Hijau (Brassica oleracea L.) Pasca Erupsi Gunung Sinabung. Journal of Chemistry. 9(1): 32-36.
Cho, K., Y. 2021. Association of Blood Mercury Levels with the Risks of Overweight and High Waist-to-Height Ratio in Children and Adolescents: Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children (Basel). 8(12): 2-17.
Daramusseng, A. 2019. Hubungan Status Gizi dan Kebiasaan Mengkonsumsi Sayuran dengan Konsentrasi Timbal dalam Darah pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar, Kabupaten Brebes. Info Kesehatan. 9(1): 55-60.
Domingo, J., L., & Marquès, M. 2021. The Effects of Some Essential and Toxic Metals/Metalloids in COVID-19: A review. Food Chem Toxicol. 152(1): 1-8.
Ekawanti, A., & Priyambodo, S. 2020. Intoksikasi Merkuri: Faktor Risiko, Patofisiologi dan Dampaknya Bagi Wanita Hamil di Daerah Lingkar Tambang. Jurnal Kedokteran. 9(2): 158-165.
Ervianti, T., Ikhtiar, M., Bintara, A., Hasanuddin, & Habo, H. 2021. Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Pajanan Timbal (Pb) pada Pa’limbang-limbang di Jl. Urip Sumoharjo Kota Makassar. Jurnal Sanitasi dan Lingkungan. 2(1): 128-138.
Fadillah, M., Andarwulan, N., & Faridah, D., N. 2022. Consumtion of Drinking Water and Its Contribution to Lead (Pb) Exposure in Toddlers Nutritional Status in Indonesia. Jurnal Mutu Pangan. 9(1): 36-44.
Gannika, L. 2023. Hubungan Status Gizi dengan Tumbuh Kembang pada Anak Usia 1-5 Tahun: Litterature Review. Jurnal Ners. 7(1): 668-674.
Gyasi, E., O. 2018. Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress—A Life Course Approach in U.S. Adults. Toxics. 6(3): 1-10.
Harfana, C., Rosidi, A., Ulvie, Y., N., S., & Sulistiani, R., P. 2021. TSH dan fT$ dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) pada Pasien Dewasa: Studi Cross-Sectional di Klinik Litbangkes Magelang. Media Gizi Mikro Indonesia. 13(1): 11-24.
Hernanz, Á., M., Estecha, M., G., Blanco, M., Fuentes, M., Iriarte J., M., O., Bru, I., P., & et al. 2019. Blood Lead in Children and Associations with Trace Elements and Sociodemographic Factors. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 58(1): 1-31.
Hollung, S., J., Bakken, I., J., Vik, T., Lydersen, S., Wiik, R., Aaberg, K., M., & et al. 2020. Comorbidities in Cerebral Palsy: A Patient Registry Study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 62(1): 97-103.
Hu Q, Han X, Dong G, Yan W, Wang X, Bigambo FM, Fang K, Xia Y, Chen T, Wang X 2021. Association between mercury exposure and thyroid hormones levels: A meta-analysis . Environmental Research 196. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110928
Karagas, M. R., Choi, A. L., Oken, E., Horvat, M., Schoeny, R., Kamai, E., Cowell, W. & et al. 2012. Evidence on The Human Health Effects of Low-Level Methylmercury Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 120(6): 799–806.
Khanifah, F. 2022. Hubungan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Rambut dan Darah Pekerja Bengkel Motor sebagai Bioindikator di Kabupaten Jombang. Jurnal Wiyata. 9(2): 142-148.
Lombó, C., G., Pappa, A., Panayiotidis, M., I., Gonsebatt, M., E., & Franco, R. 2019. Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity: A Mechanistic Appraisal. J Biol Inorg Chem. 24(8):1305-1316.
Ma, J., Geng, S., Sun, Q., Zhang, X., Han, L., Yao, X., Zhang, B., & et al. 2023. Exposure to Metal Mixture and Young Children’s Growth and Development: A Biomonitoring-Based Study in Eastern China. Ecotoxicology and Environtmental Safety. 268(1): 1-9.
Mansur, A. 2023. Enhancing Nutritional Status in Children with Cerebral Palsy: The Impact of Parental Feeding Rules Counseling and Special Spoon Utilization. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies. 10(2): 273-286.
Marques, R., C., Dórea, J., G., Leão, R., S., Santos V., G., D., Bueno, L., Marques, R., C., & et al. 2012. Role of Methylmercury Exposure (from Fish Consumption) on Growth and Neurodevelopment of Children under 5 Years of Age Living in a Transitioning (Tin-Mining) Area of the Western Amazon, Brazil. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 62(2):341-350.
Mayo Clinic Laboratories. 2024. Arsenic, Hair (online). Neurology Catalog. https://neurology.testcatalog.org/show/ASHA. Diakses 30 Januari 2024.
Mclntyre, S., & el al. 2022. Global Prevalence of Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Analysis. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 64(12): 1494-1506.
Mood, M., B., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M., R., & Sadeghi, M. 2021. Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12(1): 1-19.
Moody, E., C., Colicino, E., Wright, R., O., Mupere, E., Jaramillo, E., G., & Amarasiriwardena, C., et al. 2020. Environmental Exposure to Metal Mixtures and Linear Growth in Healthy Ugandan Children. Plos One. 15(5): 1-13.
Nadheswari, Jayapradha, Nalla, S., V., Dubey, I., & Kushwaha, S. 2023. Arsenic-Induced Thyroid Hormonal Alterations and Their Putative Influence on Ovarian Follicles in Balb/c Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 10(1): 11-23.
Nurjazuli, Darundiati, Y., H., & Wardoyo, S. 2021. Paparan Plumbum (Pb) sebagai Pemicu Stunting pada Balita. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan. 15(3): 37-43.
Oktavia, S., D., Saebani, & Dhanardhono, T. 2019. Pengaruh Pemberian Kalsium terhadap Kadar Hemoglobin dan Hematokrit Mencit Balb/C yang Diinduksi Timbal. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro. 8(1): 492-500.
Papadopoulou, E., Botton, J., Caspersen, I., H., Alexander, J., Eggesbø, M., Haugen, M., & et al. 2021. Maternal Seafood Intake during Pregnancy, Prenatal Mercury Exposure and Child Body Mass Index Trajectories Up to 8 Years. International Journal of Epidemiology. 50(4): 1134-1146.
Putri, S., M., A., P., Kurniawan, C., D., & Silakarma, D. 2019. Faktor Prenatal, Perinatal, dan Postnatal Kejadian Cerebral Palsy pada Anak di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Sanglah Denpasar. Jurnal Medika Udayana. 8(8): 1-6.
Qomariyah, A. 2022. Analisis Kadar Timbal dan Arsen dalam Darah dengan Metode Spektroskopi Serapan Atom. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains dan Teknologi. 12(1): 66-71.
Reza, Karimuna, S., R., & Fachlevy, A., F. 2016. Analisis Perbedaan Potensi Risiko Keterpaparan Merkuri pada Masyarakat di Desa Tahi Ite Kecamatan Rarowatu Kabupaten Bombana Tahun 2016. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kesehatan Masyarakat. 1(4): 1-13.
Riskesdas. 2019. Laporan Provinsi Jawa Tengah Riskesdas 2018. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Badan Litbang Kesehatan.
Romeo, D., M., Venezia, I., & Brogna, C. 2022. Cerebral Palsy and Sex Differences in Children: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 101(5): 783-795.
Rosita, B., & Suharika, B. 2019. Analisa Logam Berat Merkuri (Hg) pada Kuku dan Kadar Hemoglobin (Hb) Penambang Emas di Nagari Abai Siat Kecamatan Sangir Solok Selatan. 2(1): 25-30.
Sacramento, & et al. 2021. Human Neurotoxicity of Mercury in The Amazon: A Scoping Review with Insight and Critical Considerations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 208(1): 1-13.
Saha, K., K., Engstrom, A., Hamadani, J., D., Tofail, F., Rasmussen, K., M., & Vahter, M. 2012. Pre- and Postnatal Arsenic Exposure and Body Size to 2 Years of Age: A Cohort Study in Rural Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 120(8): 1208-1214.
Sergeyev, O., Burns, J., S., Williams, P., L., Korrick, S., A., Lee, M., M., Revich, B., & et al. 2017. The Association of Peripubertal Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Chemicals and Blood Lead with Growth and Pubertal Development in A Longitudinal Cohort of Boys: A Review of Published Results from the Russian Children's Study. Rev Environ Health. 32(1-2):83-92.
Sulistyawati, N., & Mansur, A., R. 2019. Identifikasi Faktor Penyebab dan Tanda Gejala Anak dengan Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Kesehatan Karya Husada. 7(1); 77-89.
Syahid, A. 2020. Gangguan Berbahasa pada Penderita Cerebral Palsy Sebuah Kajian Linguistik Klinis. Journal on Language and Literature. 6(2): 175-186.
Trisnowiyanto, B., & Purwanto, Y. 2019. Faktor Risiko Prenatal, Perinatal & Postnatal pada Kejadian Cerebral Palsy. Jurnal Terpadu Ilmu Kesehatan. 8(2): 204-209.
UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). 2022. Ringkasan Kebijakan. Mengurangi Keracunan Timbal pada Anak-Anak di Indonesia (online). https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/laporan/mengurangi-keracunan-timbal-pada-anak-anak-di-indonesia. Diakses 3 Februari 2024.
Vahter, M., E. 2007. Interactions between Arsenic-Induced Toxicity and Nutrition in Early Life. The Journal of Nutrition. 137(12): 2798-2804.
Venkatratnam, A., Marable, C., A., Keshava, A., M., & Fry, R., C. 2021. Relationships among Inorganic Arsenic, Nutritional Status CpG Methylation and microRNAs: A Review of the Literature. Epigenetics Insights. 14(1): 1-9.
Weyde, K., V., F., Winterton, A., Surén, P., Andersen, G., L., Vik, T., & Biele, G. 2023. Association between gestational levels of toxic metals and essential elements and cerebral palsy in children. Frontiers in Neurology. 17(14): 1-15.
Wiyasihati, S., I., & Wigati, K., W. 2016. Potensi Bayam Merah (Amaranthus tricolor L) sebagai Antioksidan pada Toksisitas Timbal yang Diinduksi pada Mencit. MKB. 48(2): 63-67.
Wyatt, L., Permar, S., R., Ortiz, E., Berky, A., Woods, C., W., & Amouou, G., F. 2019. Mercury Exposure and Poor Nutritional Status Reduce Response to Six Expanded Program on Immunization Vaccines in Children: An Observational Cohort Study of Communities Affected by Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon. International Journal of Environtmental Reserch and Public Health. 16(4): 1-22.
Zhu, H., Mao, S. & Li, W. 2023. Association between Cu/Zn/Iron/Ca/Mg levels and cerebral palsy: a pooled-analysis. Sci Rep 13, 18427. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45697-w.
Published
2024-05-25
How to Cite
WIDODO, Azzahra Wuri; LAKSANA, Agung Saprasetya Dwi; KUNCORO, Prasetyo Tri.
HUBUNGAN KADAR TIMBAL, ARSEN, DAN AIR RAKSA DENGAN STATUS GIZI ANAK CEREBRAL PALSY DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS.
Mandala Of Health, [S.l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 38-50, may 2024.
ISSN 2615-6954.
Available at: <https://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/mandala/article/view/11453>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.mandala.2024.17.1.11453.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
