Bantuan Australia kepada Kiribati melalui Program Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI)
Abstract
Kiribati merupakan salah satu negara yang terletak di Kepulauan Pasifik yang rentan dengan banjir karena kenaikan permukaan air laut dan diperkirakan akan tenggelam pada tahun 2050. Selain itu, Kiribati juga dihadapkan oleh permasalahan domestik, seperti pengangguran dan kemiskinan. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, pemerintah Kiribati berupaya untuk membentuk kebijakan yang dikenal dengan “migration with dignity” dengan meningkatkan program pendidikan dan keterampilan. Untuk mendukung kebijakan tersebut, pemerintah Australia sebagai negara tetangga Kiribati, memberikan bantuan berupa beasiswa kepada masyarakat Kiribati dalam bentuk program beasiswa pendidikan geratis di bidang keperawatan dan memberikan kesempatan bagi masyarakat Kiribati yang telah lulus program tersebut untuk bekerja langsung di Australia. Bantuan beasiswa ini dikenal dengan Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). Penelitian ini menjawab pertanyaan faktor-faktor yang menjadi motif Australia dalam membantu Kiribati. Penelitian ini berupa studi kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif, mengumpulkan data dari buku, internet, dan artikel ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KANI merupakan program beasiswa yang tidak saja menguntungkan Kiribati sebagai negara penerima, tetapi juga menguntungkan Australia sebagai negara pemberi bantuan luar negeri. Self-interest Australia yang dominan dalam program KANI adalah kebutuhannya pada kekurangan tenaga kerja pada sektor kesehatan akibat terbatasnya sumber daya manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, sekaligus untuk memenuhi tugas regional Australia sebagai ‘big brother’ di Pasifik.
Kata kunci: Australia, bantuan luar negeri, KANI, Kiribati
Kiribati is a nation in the Pacific Island that is exposed to flooding due to rising sea levels and is expected to sink by 2050. In addition, Kiribati is also faced domestic problems such as unemployment and poverty. To solve the problems, Kiribati government seeks to establish a policy known as "migration with dignity" by improving education and skills programs. To support this policy, Australian government as a neighboring country of Kiribati, provides scholarship assistance to the Kiribati community in the form of free education scholarship programs in the field of nursing and provides opportunities for kiribati citizen who have passed the program to work directly in Australia. This scholarship assistance is known as Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative (KANI). This study answers the question of Australia's motive in helping Kiribati. This research is in the form of literature studies using qualitative methods, collecting data from books, the internet, journals and scientific articles. The result showed that KANI is a scholarship program that not only benefits Kiribati as a receiving country, but also benefits Australa as a foreign aid provider. Australia's dominant self-interest in KANI program is its need for workforce shortages in the health sector due to limited human resources in meeting those needs, as well as to fulfill Australia's regional duty as a 'big brother' in the Pacific.
Keywords: Australia, foreign aid, KANI, Kiribati
References
Anggito, Albi & Johan, Setiawan. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Jawa Barat: CV Jejak.
Asian Development Bank. (2009). Kiribati Social and Economic Report 2008, Managing Development Risk. Philippines: Cataloging in Publication Data
Australian Government. (2012). Kiribati Country Case Study, AusAID Pacific social protection seriespoverty, vulnerability and social protection in the Pacific. Canberra: The Australian Agency for International Development
Burchill, Scott. (2005). The National Interest in International Relations Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dobell, Graeme. (2007). “The ‘Arc of Instability’: The History of an Idea”, dalam Huisken, Ron dan Thatcher, Meredith (eds.). History as Policy: Framing the debate on the future of Australia's defence policy (pp. 85-104). Canberra: ANU Press.
Lancaster, Carol. (2007). Foreign Aid Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press
Jurnal
Chintia, Lady Nasution. (2016). Peran Australia dalam Bidang Pendidikan untuk Mendukung Kebijakan Migration with Dignity oleh Pemerintah Kiribati (2006-2014). Jurnal Universitas Riau (UNRI), 3(2), 1-15.
Cooray, N. S. & Shahiduzzaman, Md. (2004). Determinants of Japanese aid allocation: An econometric analysis. Research Institute Working Paper, International Development Series, 1-19.
Fredayani, E., Adibrata, J. A., & Khairi, N. F. (2019). Alasan Pembentukan Kerja Sama Keamanan ASEAN-Australia dalam Menghadapi Isu Terorisme. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 6(2), 94-105.
Laila, Nuralfi Nazmi. (2020). Hubungan Luar Negeri Australia dengan Negara-Negara Pasifik dalam Bidang Ekonomi Priode 2012-2018. Khazanah Sosial, 2(2), 78-87.
Umar, Ahmad Rizky Mardhatillah. (2014). The National Interest in International Relations Theory. Global South Review, 1(2), 185-190.
Morgenthau, Hans. (2012). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. The American Political Science Review, 56(2), 301-309.
Nadjiha, Siti. (2020). Persaingan China- Australia dalam Perebutan Pengaruh di Kawasan Pasifik. Asia Pacific Studies, 4(1), 33-45.
Ni, Xiang-Yin. (2015). A Nation Going Under: Legal Protection for Climate Change Refugess. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 38(2), 329-366.
Thapa, Ishwor. (2020). Foreign Aid: Positive and Negative Impact in Developing Countries. Public Administration Campus, 1-7. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19155.81448.
Chowdhury, A. & Garonna, P. (2007). Effective Foreign Aid, Economic Integration and Subsidiarity: Lessons From Europe. Center for Social and Economic Research, No. 346, 1-31.
Wallis, Joanne (2015). The South Pacific: ‘arc of instability’ or ‘arc of opportunity’? Global Change, Peace & Security, 27 (1), 39-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2015.992010.
Wells, Jenny. (2015). Foreign Aid and Its Importance in Relieving Poverty. Oxfam, 28(3), 1-8.
Wyett, Kelly. (2013). Escaping a Rising Tide: Sea Level Rise and Migration in Kiribati. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 1(1), 171-185.
Zayzda, Nurul Azizah, & Wijayanti, Sri. (2016). Negara Maritim Indonesia, Migrasi Tidak Teratur, dan Hak Pengungsi Lintas Batas. Insignia Journal of International Relations, 3(2), 48-63.
Artikel Daring
McAdam, Jane. (2015, 16 Maret). “Climate change brings disasters on steroids”. The Sydney Morning Herald. Diakses dari https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/climate-change-brings-disasters-on-steroids-20150316-1m03dr.html.
APHEDA. (2017, 01 November). “Temporary Labour Mobility in Australia and the Pacific Islands. A discussion paper by Union Aid Abroad”. Diakses dari https://apheda.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Discussion-Paper-Temporary-Labour-Mobilitiy-in-Australia-and-the-Pacific-Islands.pdf.
Australian Government. (2005, 12 April). “Economic Implications of an Ageing Australia”. Diakses dari https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ageing/report.
Australian Government. (2015, 24 Juni). “Australia’s Future Health Workforce-Nurse”. Diakses dari https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/australias-future-health-workforce-nurses.
Australian Government. (2018a). “Australia’s commitment to climate change action in Kiribati”. Diakses dari https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/australias-commitment-to-climate-change-action-in-kiribati.
Australian Government. (2018b). “Building a better educated and healthier population in Kiribati”. Diakses dari https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kiribati/development-assistance/Pages/kiribati-objective-2-building-a-better-educated-and-healthier-population.
Australian Government. (2019). “Overview of Australia’s aid program to Kiribati”. Diakses dari https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/kiribati/development-assistance/Pages/development-assistance-in-kiribati.
Barrett, Christopher. (2014, 21 Mei). “Foreign Aid, Development Strategies and Poverty Reduction”. Diakses dari https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228123582_Foreign_Aid_Development_Strategies_and_Poverty_Reduction.
BBC. (2011, 14 Desember). “Kiribati country profile”. Diakses dari http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1168527.stm
BBC. (2012, 08 Maret). “Kiribati mulls Fiji land purchase in battle against sea”. Diakses dari https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17295862
Devex. (2007, 17 April). “The Kiribati Australia Nursing Initiative”. Diakses dari https://www.devex.com/jobs/kiribati-australia-nursing-initiative-scholarship-6209
Duffield, Christine & O’Brien-Pallas, Linda. (2021). “The Causes and Consequences of Nursing Shortages: a Helicopter View of the Research”. Diakses dari https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/4514/1/2003000980.pdf.
Dulaney, Michael. (2018, 30 November). “How Australia can help climate refugess”. Diakses dari https://www.afr.com/policy/energy-and-climate/how-australia-can-help-climate-refugees-20180809-h13rl0
Yulianda, E. D. (2020, 23 Januari). “Kepentingan Nasional Australia dengan Kiribati dalam Kerjasama Migration with Dignity Tahun 2006-2014”. Diakses dari http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/31252?show=full.
Famira-Mühlberger, Ulrike & Leoni, Thomas. (2013, Agustus). “The economic and social situation in Austria”. Diakses dari https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/austria_vfinale_en.pdf.
IPCC. (2018). “Climate Change 2001 The Scientific Basis”. Diakses dari https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WGI_TAR_full_report.pdf.
Lawson, M. L. & Morgenstern, E. M. (2019, 16 April). “Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy”. Congressional Research Service. Diakses dari https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40213.pdf.
MacMillan, Amanda. (2016, 11 Maret). “Global Warming 101”. Diakses dari https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101#effects.
Meira, Thaissa. (2018, 24 April). “An Assessment on Migration with Dignity in the Pacific (Kiribati & New Zealand)”. Diakses dari https://cdmo.univ-nantes.fr/medias/fichier/meira-thaissa-an-assessment-on-migration-with-dignity_1542877969804-pdf?ID_FICHE=1110686&INLINE=FALSE.
Ministry of Education Kiribati (2014, 03 Oktober). “Kiribati Teachers College”. Diakses dari https://www.moe.gov.ki/divisions/kiribati-teachers-college
Parliament of Australia. (2002, April). “Chapter 2- Nurse shortages and the impact health services”. Diakses dari https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/community_affairs/completed_inquiries/2002-04/nursing/report/c02.
Shaw, Lea., et al. (2013, 19 April). “KANI independent Review AidWorks Initiative Number: ING466”. Diakses dari https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/kiribati-australia-nursing-initiative-independent-report.pdf.
Silva, Diyon. (2019, 12 November). “Kiribati, Section 1- Country Profile: Kiribati”. Diakses dari https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5d91a952d5584804843ba48826a46f91.
The Da Yu Project. (2017). “Education-based Migration to Limit the Impact of Climate Change on Island”. Diakses dari https://www.climatecolab.org/contests/2017/A2R-Anticipating-Climate-Hazards/c/proposal/1333850.
World Bank. (2011, 15 September). “Kiribati: Adaptation Program- Phase III”. Diakses dari https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2011/09/15/kiribati-adaptation-program-phase-3
Unescap. (2015, 01 Juni). “Kiribati National Labour Migration Policy”. Diakses dari https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Kiribati%20National%20Labour%20Migration%20Policy.pdf
United Nations. (1992). “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change”. Diakses dari https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf
UN News. (2012, 26 September). “At UN debate, Kiribati’s President urges increased efforts to mitigate impact of rising seas”. Diakses dari https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/09/421282.
Walsh, Kayla. (2017, 15 Juli). “Kiribati Prepares for Migration With Dignity to Confront the Ravages of Climate Change”. Diakses dari https://thewire.in/culture/kiribati-migration-climate-change.
Oten, B., et. al. (2013, 23 Oktober). “WHO proMIND Profiles on Mental Health in Development Republic of Kiribati”. World Health Organization. Diakses dari https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85307/9789241505673_eng.pdf;jsessionid=16929C76B95AD87FA88501F5DA64FC43?sequence=1.
1. The author retains copyright and grants the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons attribution license that allows others to share the work within an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication of this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their websites) before and during submission, as it can lead to productive exchanges and earlier and more extraordinary citations of published works.
.png)
