Ketergantungan Transfer Senjata: Studi Kasus Pembelian F-35 oleh Italia

  • Muhammad Rizky Pangestu Universitas Indonesia

Abstract

Tulisan ini akan mencoba menjelaskan mengapa Italia sebagai negara yang bisa membuat pesawat tempur secara domestik tetap melakukan pembelian F-35 dari Amerika Serikat. Padahal menurut infromasi yang beredar F-35 memiliki beberapa kelemahan fatal yang tentunnya bisa melemahkan kemampuan militer Italia dan mendapat pertentangan di dalam negeri mereka sendiri. Selain pembelian ini dipertanyakan sebab Italia adalah salah satu negara yang bisa membuat pesawat tempur mereka sendiri yaitu Eurofighter Typhoon yang cukup canggih. Dalam menjelaskan kasus ini penulis akan menggunakan konsep ketergantungan transfer senjata oleh David Kinsella. Menurut Kinsella ketika sebuah negara sudah mengalami ketergantungan transfer senjata, maka negara tersebut akan selalu bergantung kepada negara yang menyuplai senjata untuk memenuhi kebutuhan keamanannya. Ada dua indikator utama untuk menilai apakah negara sudah mengalami ketergantungan transfer senjata pertama adalah rendahnya kapasitas dan produksi senjata dalam negeri dan terfokusnya supplier senjata suatu negara dengan satu atau beberapa negara lain saja. Data yang akan digunakan unutk menganalisis kasus ini adalah data yang berasal dari sumber daring seperti jurnal akademik, buku, dokumen resmi dan portal berita yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya. Hasil tulisan ini menunjukan bahwa Italia masih memiliki ketergantungan transfer senjata dengan Amerika Serikat sebab kemampuan industri pertahanan dalam negeri mereka yang belum memadai dan masih terfokusnya pembelian senjata mereka dengan Amerika Serikat.


Kata kunci: Amerika Serikat, F-35, Italia, ketergantungan transfer senjata


 


This paper will try to explain why Italy, as a country that can make fighter aircraft domestically, continues to purchase F-35s from the United States.Because based on the information that is availvable, F-35 is having some critical flaws that can compromissed Italian defense, Italian decision to buy F-35 also creating domestic opposition regarding that act. This decision also raised some question because Italian is one of the countries that can domestically produce a rather sophisticated jet fighter, the Eurofighter Typhoon. In explaining this case the author will use the concept of arms transfer dependency by David Kinsella. According to Kinsella, when a country has experienced a dependency on arms transfers, that country will always depend on the country that supplies weapons to meet its security needs. There are two main indicators to assess whether a country has experienced a dependency on arms transfers. The first is the low capacity and production of domestic weapons and the focus on arms suppliers dari one country to one or several other countries. The data that is used in this paper will be based on online source such as academic journal, books, official documents and trusted news website. The results of this paper show that Italy still has a dependency on arms transfers with the United States because of the inadequate capability of their domestic defense industry and their weapons that is still based on United States import.


Keywords: arms transfer dependence, F-35, Italy, United States

References

Buku dan Jurnal
Antill, P. D., & Ito, P. (2013). The UK and the Joint Strike Fighter: The Trials and Tribulations of International Collaborative Procurement. International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 68 (1), 13-29.
Byers, M., & Webb, S. (2011). Canada's F-35 purchase is a costly mistake. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 17(3), 217-227.
Catrina, C. (1988). Arms Transfer and Dependence (1st ed.). New York: Taylor and Francis.
Chapman, B. (2019). Global Defense Procurement and the F-35 Joint Strike Fghter. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Coticchia, F. (2013). A Controversial Warplane: Narratives, Counternarratives, and the Italian Debate on the F-35. Alternatives, 41(4), 194-213.
Devoto, Gian Luca. (1970). Italy's military industry. Lo Spettatore Internazionale, 5(3-4) 432-441.
Dzikri, I. (2016). Negara dan Kapasitas Adopsi Inovasi: Studi Kasus Transformasi Pertahanan Indonesia Periode 1998-2014. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 18(2) 131-151.
Heinrich, M. N. (2015). The Eurofighter Typhoon programme: economic and industrial implications of collaborative defence manufacturing. Defence Studies, 15(4), 341-360.
Huebert, R. (2011). The Future of Canadian airpower and the F-35. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 17(3), 228-238.
Kharisma, M. W. (2017). The Philosophical Worth Of ‘Liberal’ Peacebuilding. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 19(1), 1-15.
Kinsella, D. (1998). Arms Transfer Dependence and Foreign Policy Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 35(1), 7-23.
Lamont, C. (2015). Research Methods in Politics and International Relations (1st ed.). Sage Publication.
Lockyer, A. (2012). The logic of Interoperability: Australia acquisition of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. International Journal, 68(1), 71-91.
Manurung, H. (2017). Russia Domination Policy: Implementation of Military Operation in Ukraine (2014 – 2015). Insignia: Journal of International Relations, 21-34.
Marrone, A. (2013). Italy and the F-35: Rationales and Cost. International Journal, 68(1), 31-48.
Massie, J. (2011). Bandwagoning for status: Canada's need of the F-35. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 17(3), 251-264.
Muhammad, A. (2015). Selamat Datang Perang Dingin!” Kepentingan Rusia Di Krimea Dan Ukraina Timur Dan Ketegangan Hubungan Dengan Barat. Insignia: Journal of International Relations , 01-11.
Nossal, K. R. (2013). Late learners: Canada, the F-35, and lessons dari the New Fighter Aircraft Program. International Journal, 17(3), 251-264.
Oberg, J. (1975). Arms trade with the Third World as an Aspect of Imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, 12(3), 213-234.
Petrelli, N. (2020). Military Innovation and Defence Acquisition: Lessons dari the F-35 Programme. Instituto Affari Internazionali, 20(1), 1-20.
Prajuli, W. A. (2013). China Threat Perceptions in Southeast Asia: Problem of Bilateral Interactions. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 15(1), 10-23.
Ringsmose, J. (2013). Investing in fighters and alliances: Norway, Denmark, and the bumpy road to the Joint Strike Fighter. International Journal, 68(1), 93-110.
Supriyanto, R. A. (2015). The Dagger and The Shield: the Ballistic Missile Defence and Sino-Us Strategic Relationship. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 17(1), 33-47.
Tago, A. (2013). The "only choice": Canadian and Japanese F-35 Decisions Compared. International Journal, 68(1), 131-149.
Vayreynen, R. (1980). Economic and Political Consequences of Arms Transfer to the Third World. Alternatives, 6(6), 1331-155.
Wattanayagorn, P. (1995). ASEAN's Arms Modernization and Arms Transfer Dependence. The Pacific Review, 8(3), 494-507.
Widjajanto, A. (2012). Modifiers For Military Strategy. Global; Jurnal Politik Internasional, 15(1), 1-9.

Artikel Daring
Airforce Magazine. (2011, 19 Mei). "First Italian KC-767 Tankers Enter Service." Diakses dari https://www.airforcemag.com/firstitaliankc-767tankersenterservice/
AMARC. (n.d.). "Italian "Peace Caesar" F-16 Fighting Falcon." Diakses dari http://www.amarcexperience.com/ui/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123&catid=8&Itemid=159
Axe, D. (2015, 30 Juni). "Test Pilot Admits the F-35 Can’t Dogfight." Diakses dari War is Boring: https://medium.com/war-is-boring/test-pilot-admits-the-f-35-can-t-dogfight-cdb9d11a875
Buzukszpan, D. (2014, 29 Januari). "Most Expensive Military Programs." CNBC. Diakses dari https://www.cnbc.com/2012/11/29/Most-Expensive-Military-Programs.html.
Cenciotti, D. (2015, 7 Agustus). "Italian Air Force KC-767 becomes first international tanker to refuel an F-35." Diakses dari https://theaviationist.com/2015/08/07/itaf-kc-767-first-international-f35-aar/
Channel 4 News. (2011, 2 Maret). "Multibillion Eurofighter Typhoon overspend revealed." Diakses dari https://www.channel4.com/news/multibillion-eurofighter-typhoon-overspend-revealed
Departement of Defense. (2006). "Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2006." Diakses dari https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DtVEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA508&lpg=PA508&dq=italy+buy+c130j&source=bl&ots=57WAtsqwuL&sig=ACfU3U3jRDH3F9y9ZN2yknv84ZNoRXFTew&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj06eD7y73qAhVNb30KHSDyCyMQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=italy%20buy%20c130j&f=false.
Dunlop, M. (2011, 17 Mei). "Two Boeing 767 tankers enter service in Italy." Diakses dari https://www.heraldnet.com/business/two-boeing-767-tankers-enter-service-in-italy/.
European Forum on Armed Drones. (n.d.). "Italy." Diakses dari https://www.efadrones.org/countries/italy/.
Hoffman, L. (2015, 13 Oktober). "Germany Suspends Eurofighter Deliveries Due to Quality Problems." Diakses dari https://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/10/13/germany-suspends-eurofighter-deliveries-due-to-quality-problems/.
Insinna, V. (2019, 21 Agustus). "Inside America's Dysfunctional Trillion Dollar FIghter Jet Program." New York Times. Diakses dari https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/magazine/f35-joint-strike-fighter-program.html.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2019). "Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II: sensor suite." Diakses dari https://www.iiss.org/-/media/images/comment/military-balance-blog/2019/march/f-35-part-1-866px.jpg?h=498&la=en&mw=865&w=865&hash=CD32DC616872F65EC339120F5D9A3073BCF19A2A.
Kington, T. (2020, 28 Mei). "Italy defense minister commits to F-35 after calls to suspend program." Defense News. Diakses dari https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/05/28/italy-defense-minister-commits-to-f-35-after-calls-to-suspend-program/.
Knodell, K., & Trevithick, J. (2015, 10 Juni). "The F-35 Just Catches on Fire Sometimes." Diakses dari https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-f-35-can-just-catch-on-fire-sometimes-eecce430792b
Leonardo Company. (2013, 26 Juni). "AW1067 ICH-47F Maiden Flight." Diakses dari https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/aw1067i-ch-47-f-maiden-flight
Lockheed Martin. (2000, 29 Orang). "Italy Buys More C-130J Aircraft dari Lockheed Martin." Diakses dari http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/1936/italy-buys-more-stretched-c_130j_30s-(mar.-29).html.
Lockheed Martin. (2016, 28 November). "F-35: The Smart Fighter for the Warfighter." Diakses dari https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NC8VhGq0R4o.
Lockie, A. (2016, 31 Agustus). "Why the F-35 could 'never in a million years' beat the RAF Typhoon or the Russian Su-35 in a dogfight." Business Insider. Diakses dari: https://www.businessinsider.com/f-35-could-not-dogfight-typhoon-su-35-2016-8?r=US&IR=T.
Maglio, D. C. (2008, 21 September). "Italian F-16 in details." Diakses dari https://theaviationist.com/special-reports/italian-f-16-in-details/
Maio, Giovanna De. (2020, September) "Why the US-Italy Relationship Matters." Atlantic Council. Diakses dari https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Why_the_US-Italy_Relationship_Matters.pdf.
Modola, P. (2008, 31 Oktober). "Italy to extend Lockheed Martin F-16 lease deal." Diakses dari https://www.flightglobal.com/italy-to-extend-lockheed-martin-f-16-lease-deal/83664.article.
Reuters. (2015, 4 November). "U.S. government approves Italy's request to arm its drones." Diakses dari https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-usa-drones/u-s-government-approves-italys-request-to-arm-its-drones-idUSKCN0ST1VI20151104.
Royal Air Force. (n.d.). "Typhoon FGR 4." Diakses dari https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/typhoon-fgr4/.
SIPRI. (n.d.). "Trade Register." Diakses dari http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php.
Sprenger, S. (2019, 10 September). "Italy joins Britain’s Tempest combat aircraft program." Diakses dari https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/dsei/2019/09/10/italy-expected-to-join-british-tempest-combat-aircraft-program/.
Veronesi, Umberto. (2012, 12 Februari). “Non comprate quei caccia meglio costruire 185 asili.” Diakses dari https://www.disarmo.org/nof35/non-comprate-quei-caccia-meglio-costruire-185-asil.
Vine, David. (2013, 3 Oktober). “Italy: home of pizza, pasta, wine and the US military.” The Guardian. Diakses dari https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/03/us-military-base-expansion-italy.
White, Sarah. (2019, 12 Desember). “Why Italy Is Pivotal to U.S. Strategy in the Mediterranean.” Diakses dari https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/12/12/why_italy_is_pivotal_to_us_strategy_in_the_mediterranean_114917.html.
Published
2021-03-29
How to Cite
PANGESTU, Muhammad Rizky. Ketergantungan Transfer Senjata: Studi Kasus Pembelian F-35 oleh Italia. Insignia: Journal of International Relations, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 37-54, mar. 2021. ISSN 2597-9868. Available at: <http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/insignia/article/view/3326>. Date accessed: 29 mar. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.20884/1.ins.2021.8.1.3326.
Section
Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Obs.: This plugin requires at least one statistics/report plugin to be enabled. If your statistics plugins provide more than one metric then please also select a main metric on the admin's site settings page and/or on the journal manager's settings pages.