Metaphorical Adjectives Describing Human In Javanese

This study examines metaphorical adjectives describing humans in Javanese. The metaphorical adjective is literally used to describe nouns other than humans but figuratively used to describe humans. This study aims to describe metaphorical adjectives used to characterize humans figuratively based on their meaning type. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data in this study are adjectives used to describe humans in Javanese metaphorically. The data corpus is taken from written and oral sources. The written sources are taken from the Dictionary of Baoesastra Djawa written by Poerwadarminta dan Javanese Dictionary written by the Language Center Team of Yogyakarta and a Javanese short story from the anthology of Javanese literature short story 2007 Kidung Megatruh (22 short stories) and short story of Yogyakarta Javanese in 2000-2010 (87 short stories). Data analysis techniques are inductive, with identification and classification techniques following research objectives. Based on the result, 43 adjectives are used to describe humans with metaphorical meanings. The adjectives are divided into six types: adjectives of positive character marker, negative character marker, positive mental condition marker, negative mental condition marker, positive physical condition marker, and negative physical condition marker. The use of metaphorical adjectives explaining humans in Javanese shows that the creativity of Javanese linguists is good at utilizing existing lexicons to express ideas by distorting their meaning without creating a new lexicon.


INTRODUCTION
A metaphorical adjective is used in speech events with a figurative meaning. In Javanese, adjectives are found to describe humans interpreted figuratively. Adjectives are one of the typological prototypes of the three main word classes: nouns, verbs, and adjectives (Croft, 2000) and (Beck, 2010). Adjectives are words that usually indicate the properties of objects, people, and places or words related to age, size, shape, weight, color, quality, etc. Syntactically, adjectives perform two functions associated with the potential capabilities of adjective combinations, namely attributive functions explaining nouns and predicative functions that can be accompanied by copulas or not (Dixon, & Aikhenvald, 2004; del Castillo, 1997;Shopen, 2007;Huddleston, 2005). In line with that opinion, (Bhat, 1994;Givon, 2001;Dixon, & Aikhenvald, 2004;Hofherr & Matushansky, 2010;and Carnie, 2013) adjectives are defined as categories that can fill predicate slots in intransitive clauses (Mary is tall, the book is white) and as noun modifiers (the tall woman, the white book, a blue sea). In addition, adjectives can also serve as comparison parameters, yet not all languages have comparative constructions (a whiter book and the whitest book are in an attributive position; This book is/seems whiter (than that one and This book is/seems the whitest in the predicate position) (Matushansky, 2008). Meanwhile, (Dixon, 1982) explains that there is an empirical fact that a language always has major classes precisely called nouns and verbs, but not all languages have a main class of adjectives.
Adjectives in Javanese, based on their size or productivity, are an open word class because they have hundreds of members, whereas, based on their grammatical characteristics, they are different from nouns and verbs. The word determination is an adjective or not, in Javanese morphological and syntactic markers are used (Poedjosoedarmo, 1979); (Wedhawati, 2001); (Mulyana, 2011). A feature of morphological markers is that adjectives tend to be attached to kêên confixes to express the meaning of 'outrageous' or excessive,' e.g., keapiken/kapiken 'too good', kênomên 'too young', kêkandêlên 'too thick', kêpaitên 'too bitter'. The characteristic of syntactic markers is those adjectives can fill predicate functions in sentences and modify nouns. Other markers, namely adjectives in Javanese can also be preceded by the words luwih and rada and can be followed by the words dhewe and bangêt to express the degree of comparison, for example, more srêgêp 'more diligent', rada srêgêp 'quite diligent', srêgêp dhewe 'most diligent', srêgêp bangêt 'very diligent'; luwih kêmênthus' more arrogant', rada kêmênthus 'quite arrogant', kêmênthus dhewe 'most arrogant', kêmênthus bangêt' very arrogant'.
Referring to the opinion (Dixon, 2010), adjectives can be recognized by several semantic types. The semantic types related to adjectives are dimensions, age, values, colors, physical properties, human markers, speed, difficulty, similarity, qualification, quantification, positions, and cardinal numbers. Relating to human marker adjectives or adjectives explaining humans, in Javanese there are many lexicons to describe humans, describing physical characteristics, characters, and conditions. For instance, blalak-blalak' wide open and clear eyes', prigêl 'skillful/dexterous', and greges' body feels fever'.
For example, in sentences:

5) Seno iku omongane dhuwur banget.
'Seno is very arrogant.' The adjectives' bobrok and dhuwur' in the sentences in examples (4) and (5) are not taken literally as 'broken' and 'high', but are interpreted metaphorically, namely 'very tired' and 'very arrogant'. Using adjectives such as 'bobrok' and 'dhuwur' in sentences (4) and (5) will not be easily understood by people who do not understand the Javanese context well. Therefore, this research is vital to expand public knowledge of non-literal meanings in the Javanese lexicon, especially adjectives. With this research, it is hoped that the community, especially the young Javanese generation who do not know the meanings and values of local wisdom contained in Javanese adjectives, can understand and apply correctly in association with the community to preserve understanding of the Javanese word universe. Ponorogo, the assimilation process supports the phoneme syllable /u/ before syllable [i] in the first syllable. The phoneme /u/ becomes a prefix when the process is before the stem with initial base sounds such as uireng and uisin. In contrast, the infix process occurs when the syllable of the first syllable is after the consonant sound, such as tuitis, ruikuh, and ruingkes. Wahyuni (2015) describes that, in general, the adjective of elativus category is also known as the superlative form or mbangetake 'extremely'. The category is a category that changes sound and meaning. The From the studies above, Javanese adjective research has not been discussed, especially those related to metaphorical adjectives. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the cluster of existing research so that knowledge of Javanese adjectives as one of the open word categories can be more profound.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach by emphasizing the sharpness of analysis objectively and systematically to obtain accurate data interpretation. The data in this study are adjectives describing humans in Javanese. The data corpus is taken from written and oral sources. The written sources are taken from the Dictionary of Baoesastra Djawa written by The corpus data is considered since it can provide a lot of information about using human adjectives in Javanese. Data analysis techniques are inductive by studying and exploring theories to analyze data with steps, namely (1) collecting data with identification techniques, (2) classifying data according to problem formulations, (3) analyzing and describing metaphorical adjectives describing humans in Javanese according to the type of meaning, and (4) describing and explaining the meaning of metaphorical adjectives describing human in Javanese.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION
A metaphorical adjective describing humans is an adjective used to represent humans with a figurative meaning. From the results, it is found that there are 43 metaphorical adjectives describing humans. These adjectives are used to explain humans with figurative meanings. The adjectives are shown in the following table. and subur 'fat'. These types of adjectives can be seen in the following table.

CONCLUSION
Metaphorical adjectives in Javanese are considered unique and distinctive, distinguishing them from adjectives in other languages. The use of metaphorical adjectives describing humans in Javanese shows the creativity of linguists who are good at utilizing existing lexicons to express ideas by distorting their meaning without creating a new lexicon. Metaphorical adjectives can also be used as evidence that the Javanese language has rich metaphors, especially metaphors related to human character/characteristics.