Deconstruction of Peter Pan’s Character in Edward Kitsis’ and Adam Horowitz’s Once Upon a Time, Season Three (2013)

Available online: 30/06/2020 Abstract. The purpose of this research is to find out the deconstruction of Peter Pan’s character in Kitsis’ and Horowitz’s work as described in Barrie’s Peter Pan. Kitsis’ and Horowitz’s Once Upon a Time, Season Three is the first film that deconstructs the character of Peter Pan from Barrie’s Peter Pan. The qualitative method is used in analyzing the main data that are taken from both works, Barrie’s Peter Pan and Kitsis’ and Horowitz’s Once Upon a Time, Season Three. The data analysis starts by selecting the data from re-watching and re-reading the works. Then analyzing them using the theory of deconstruction, character and characterization and cinematography. The theory is used to find the binary opposition and analyzing the characteristics of Peter Pan in both works. The cinematography is also needed to support the analysis and strengthens the argument of the analysis from the character’s deconstruction. The result of the analysis shows that the characteristic of Peter Pan in Barrie’s Peter Pan is deconstructed from hero into villain. It shows that there are four characteristics of Peter Pan as a hero that are deconstructed, namely, honest, fearless, polite and caring. Those characteristics are deconstructed into the character of Peter Pan as a villain who is manipulative, fearful, impolite and selfish. The four characteristics that are deconstructed can be seen from Peter Pan’s action towards other characters, from other characters’ explanation or the character’s emotions through every relevant scene in the film.


INTRODUCTION
The character of Peter Pan first appeared in James Matthew Barrie's The Little White Bird (1902). Afterwards, the character of Peter Pan was introduced into a play called Peter Pan or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. After a successful play, Barrie's Peter and Wendy (1904) was born and became a famous novel that has been This analysis discusses the character of Peter Pan in Edward Kitsis' and Adam Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three. Peter Pan in the series of Once Upon a Time, Season Three has the opposite characteristic from the classic story written by James Matthew Barrie. The characters between the classic story of Peter Pan and Once Upon a Time are similar with the new added characters, but the only difference is seen in the characteristics of Peter Pan that change from hero to villain.
In order to figure out the characteristic of Peter Pan that is being deconstructed, deconstruction theory by Jacques Derrida as explained by Dobie and Mishra is needed in this analysis. Deconstruction seeks to find the differences, contradictions, paradoxes, ambiguity, and disintegration in the text (Mishra, 2018). It has been aimed at proving that literary text has multiple meanings. In general, the aim of reading literary texts is to establish unity and to bring out a meaning based on the entire reading. Analyzing an object by using deconstruction is finding the binary opposition then reversing the dominant and non-dominant binary oppositions in the object (Dobie: 2012). Binary opposition is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. It is the system by which, in language and thought, two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another. For instance, people could not understand the concepts of negative if they do not understand the concept of positive. The concept of difference in deconstruction theory has additional branching that is important. This concept appears most clearly as opposites or others refer to as binary oppositions. The binary opposition or the character of Peter Pan which is found in Once Upon a Time, Season Three are hero and villain.
According to Poole (2017), the concepts of hero and villain itself is complicated that there is no clear explanation of hero or villain. A hero, mostly known as the good person, could be described as a person with widely accepted moral behavior, who goes beyond personal interest, does not tolerate injustice. and keeps their word. The good hero wants to justify every action, save everyone including those who do not want to be saved, and love everything and everyone. On the other hand, villainknown as the bad person who has the opposite attitude of the hero is the callous, uncaring attitude towards everything that would grant him an advantage as he/she has no reason to care what is destroyed.
Antonio del Drago (2018) explains in his article that the villain is so compelling that he or she overshadows the hero. He defines five characteristics of villain those are powerful, intelligent, immoral, wounded and determined. First is powerful as he argues that villains always have a way of making things bend to their will or sometimes have a highly trained army at his or her command. Second, villains are intelligent. They avoid making wrong decisions and always two steps ahead of the hero, and they carefully think of every option that makes them undefeatable. Next, villains are immoral, they believe so strongly in the rightness of their own cause that they no longer see the normal standards of moral conduct as applying to them. Then, villains are usually wounded individuals, sometimes manifested as physical wounds or disfigurements but can also be emotional or psychological. The last is determined, villains possessed by an unstoppable drive to achieve their goal. When great villains set sights on a goal, nothing short of annihilation will stop them from accomplishing it.
The previous study that is used for a reference in this study is the analysis of a deconstructed character in Deconstruction of characters in Moana Movie by Fitrah Ardini (2017). In her research, she employed the deconstruction theory to find a character deconstruction in Moana movie on how the minor characters in the movie formed a different character which made the movie so important. Applying the similar concept of deconstruction, this present study offers a slightly different focus on the main character of Peter Pan in Once Upon a Time, Season Three by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. By using the deconstruction theory, I will be able to find the difference of Peter Pan's characterization that changes from hero into villain based on the original story and the film.
To prove that the character of Barrie's Peter Pan is deconstructed from hero to villain, I start the discussion by providing an overview on Derrida's deconstruction theory which is followed by an explanation of the research method. Then, the result of the discussion explains from data that has been collected previously. The first thing to do is interpreting the data to support the research by selecting the data from dialogue, narration and character action and thought. After that, analyzing the data by using theory of deconstruction and character and characterization to interpreting the characteristic of Peter Pan in the series and describing it with cinematography. Lastly, drawing the conclusion based on the findings of the research.

RESEARCH METHOD
The type of research method used in this analysis is qualitative research. Qualitative research concerns on the interpretation or on developing explanation and experiential basis of knowledge and practices. According to Manson (2002: 2), qualitative research is possible to achieve, and to offer sets of tools, and modes of critical thinking, to help practitioners to do it. The use of qualitative research in the analysis can find the critical thinking to see phenomenon in term of meaning to analyze the object of this research. Since the process of this research is about understanding and interpreting the data, then qualitative research is suitable to use in this research.
The data are taken from two main sources for conducting this research, those are primary data and secondary data. The primary data source of this research is a television series entitled Once Upon A Time Season Three by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz. Since the research significance is to see how Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz deconstruct the character and characterization of Peter Pan, the television series turns out as the primary source of the analysis. To support the primary data, the secondary data are taken from J.M. Barrie's Peter Pan, books, journals, articles or other researches which are relevant with the analysis.
Collecting data is the first step in this research. To collect the information and sources to support the research there are several steps needed. First, watching and re-watching the data frequently in the television series called Once Upon A Time, Season Three to get more understanding for the data. Also, reading and re-reading the novel to find the characteristic of Peter Pan which is being deconstruct in the television series. Then, collecting the data from the objects. The data taken from the objects are dialogues, narratives, actions, thoughts, character description, behavior, words, phrases and sentences in the objects that appropriate for supporting the research. Next, collecting the supporting data from books, journals, articles and Deconstruction of Peter Pan's Character in Edward Kitsis' and Adam Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three (2013) -Alya Safira (p.10-21) 14 other research or references which related to the topic which will be discussed. Last, interpreting and analyzing the data are done by using theory of character and characterization and theory of cinematography that are relevant to the objective of the study. Data analysis is important because it aims at finding the answer of the research question, which is: how the creator of the television show calls Once Upon A Time Season Three deconstruct the characters of Peter Pan. To analyze it, there are some steps needed to do after the data are already collected. First, interpreting the data. Interpreting the data is needed to selecting the relevant and related data that will be used to support evidence of the research. The research will focus on the dialogue, narration, character action and thought which depict Peter Pan character and characterization with Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz perspectives from Barrie's Peter Pan. Then, analyzing the data. In analyzing the data, theory of deconstruction is used to interpret the characterization of Peter Pan being deconstructed in the television series and how the creator of the film describes it in every scene through cinematography. Last is concluding the data. The final step of this research is drawing conclusion from the data analysis. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn based on the findings of the research.

The Deconstruction of Peter Pan Character
In this analysis, deconstruction in literary works can be found in Edward Kitsis' and Adam Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three. The topics that will be discussed are the characterization of Peter Pan by using Derrida's deconstruction theory. As explained before, the character of Peter Pan in Barrie's version is quite different from that of Kitsis' and Horowitz's version. Both Peter Pan in Barrie's Peter Pan and Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, is the type of protagonist character. Protagonist is the main character in the story who move the plot from the beginning to the end of the story and the center of the story. Even though both characters of Peter Pan describe as a protagonist character, they have different characteristics.
Peter Pan in Barrie's Peter Pan is depicted as a hero. Hero is someone who reacts to the provider, the one who prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object and weds the princess (Propp. 1968: P.106-107). Based on Kinsella, Ritchie and Igou (2015. "Lay Perspective on the Social and Psychological Functions of Heroes"), heroes can be described in the literature as uplifting and enhancing the lives of others. Heroes may arouse positive emotions such as awe, gratitude, or admiration. Also, heroes may help people to understand the norms and values within society. Heroes have been described as displaying moral integrity, doing the right thing and showing a noble purpose without selfishness. Heroes prompt people to do what they can for those who need help.
Meanwhile, Kitsis and Horowitz represent Peter Pan in Once Upon a Time, Season Three as a villain. The villain is the one who struggles against the hero (Propp. 1968: P.106-107). Furthermore, as Antonio del Drago (2018. "5 Characteristics of an epic villain") explains previously, the characteristics of villain portrays Peter Pan in the series as a powerful, intelligent, immoral, wounded and determined person. He has dozens plan to make sure his will comes true, he also has the henchman who do as Pan told. They are the lost boys and the Darlings. He can avoid making wrong decision and two steps ahead of the hero. Peter believe that everything he do was right and do any harm to others was normal.
The creators of ABC's Once Upon a Time, Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz, create the character of Peter Pan as a villain. They believe that somebody who wants to be young for the rest of their life at any cost is an example of villain rather than hero. Barrie (2017;24) writes that before Peter Pan became the boy who would not grow up, he was the same as any other children but when he heard his parents talking about his future, Peter decided to run away and denied to become older. The creators of Once Upon a Time have seen it differently. Peter Pan's action-refusing to grow old even if you have to lose your family, is an act that reflects the character of a villain than a hero who is willing to do anything to achieve their purpose. As Antonio del Drago (2018. "5 Characteristics of an epic villain") already explains, one of the characteristics of villain is determined. When a villain set sights on a goal, nothing short of annihilation will stop them from accomplishing it and this describe the character of Peter Pan according to Kitsis and Horowitz's point of view.
As already explain previously, the concept of both hero and villain is complicated because they both fight for something they want. In Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, the hero (Emma) is trying to save the hostage (Henry) from the villain (Pan). While the villain (Pan) wants something from the hostage (Henry) but have to take care of the hero (Emma) first or everything will be ruins. Poole (2017) explains that villain is someone who takes the option that benefits him, in spite of the costs. The hero also do the same thing, they almost always sacrifices something, puts everything on the line, goes all or nothing to defeat the villain. They weighed their options and chose what they felt was best no matter the costs.
Furthermore, Peter Pan (Barrie, 2017) can be described as hero because he always tries to help the one who needed him and fights for them. Pan (Kitsis & Horowitz, 2013) on the other hand, will do everything for himself even though he has to kill the one who trusted him the most. Barrie describes the character of Peter Pan as a hero who was honest, fearless, polite and caring. While Kitsis and Horowitz deconstruct the character of Pan as a villain who was manipulative, fearful, impolite and selfish. The characteristics of Peter Pan on Barrie's Peter Pan are explained in direct characterization, the author describes directly from the character's point of view, appearance and thoughts. Whilst, in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, his characteristics are explained in indirect characterization from what the character says in the dialogue with other characters and his action in every scene. In the film, cinematography is used to infer the characteristics of Peter Pan from his expression and action and other characters' thoughts about him.

Honest VS Manipulative
According to Barrie's Peter Pan (2017), Peter Pan is able to express his minds and emotion about Captain Hook and his pirates' crew. He is only being honest by not hiding everything from the Darlings even though it sounds slightly terrible. He has proven that it is not wrong to speak the truth On the other hand, the characteristic of Pan as a villain in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three is manipulative. To realize his plan, Pan has to trick Henry, the person whom he needs, and the heroes including Emma Swan, Evil Queen (Regina), Captain Hook, Snow White, Prince Charming, Rumplestilskin, Tinker Bell and Baelfire. He is lying to them or others who will try to ruin his plan. When Pan was trying to manipulate other characters, he always raised his eyebrows, blink a lot and open his eyes longer when saying specific words to make them believe him. Manipulative person like Pan always tried to manipulate his victims to do whatever he said. His victims had to do that; otherwise, there were always consequences for not listening to his orders. To show that Pan is a manipulative character, I argue that the technique that is used in the scene is scale, more precisely close-up (Prunes, 2018). When he talked to the heroine, Emma Swan, his expressions and emotions are seen clearly and his actions are more intimate and impacting to show that he tries to manipulate her by lying. High contrast appears every time Pan shows up and the scene in the film appears dark with spark around him. Low key lighting also appears to show a slow or taut dramatic action.
Manipulative people always ask for reasonable favors first before their real request, so when the victim agree with them there is no way the victim can break the agreement (Steber, 2016). They also sometimes pretend to be concern to the victim when the truth is they are not. For instance, in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three in one of the episodes, Pan gave Emma, the heroine, a blank map to find where Henry was, but in order to do that Emma had to accept her real identity. After Emma met Pan, she tried everything to read the map but nothing worked, then she used a black magic to read it but when she followed the map there was no sign of Henry and what she did made her regret for not listening to Pan.
In general, Peter Pan is an honest person, he always telling the truth about what he feels about others. On the other hand, in the film Pan does not always say the truth about anything, he manipulates others to cover his lies by making them think that he is being honest about everything he said.

Fearless VS Fearful
Barrie's Peter Pan is described as a hero who is fearless. Even though he is only a boy who can fly, he is willing to do whatever it takes to save everybody he cares about such as the Darlings, the lost boys, and the redskins from Captain Hook and his pirate crew. According to Tess Marshall (2013), type of the fearless character is taking action. The wisdom and knowledge that Peter has, will not count for much until he put it into action. Peter is not afraid of taking any risks. He goes after what he wants and does not spend his time over thinking or over analyzing his plan. Next, expecting the best, Peter believes that his plan to save his friends will succeed. He looks at the problem from different perspective and never gives up.
While in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, Pan shows himself as a fearful person. In Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, the character of Pan is shown as the character who is afraid of failure, but he is good at hiding it. When the feeling of fear comes straight at him, he acts fast by finding another plan so what he always wants can be granted.
In one scene, when Pan started to lose Henry's trust that might cause his plan all along in vain. Pan showed his fear when Henry finally figured out that Emma, the heroine, came to Neverland to save him, but Pan denies that he knew where the heroine was. Henry became suspicious that Pan knew something that Henry did not know. In order to hide his fear of losing Henry's trust, Pan begins to make a new plan to regain Henry's trust. Every time Pan starting to lose Henry's trust, he is always hiding his fear by making Henry believe that everyone is wrong and Pan is right.
When Pan gives an expression of fear, he shows deeper creases in bridge and nose area, his eyebrows also comes inwards and his eyes are open wide. Pan's lips are also drawn down and his mouth open when he talks in fear. From Pan's body language when he is afraid of losing people trust, he tends to make short, quick, and uncertain movements, so what he feels cannot be seen to anyone. Pan's expression of fear is shot with a long shot to shows his emotions from the distance to make the audience guess what is happening (Prunes, 2018). It is also being shot with medium shot to shows the distance or how close Pan with Henry when he tries to convince Henry that he is telling the truth about everything to Henry.
Peter Pan is fearless character. When it comes about Captain Hook, he always stands up by trying to be brave and do the best he can to make sure that Captain Hook is the one who is scared instead of him. In Once Upon a Time, Season Three, Pan acts as a fearful person who does not show his fear clearly, but once he shows it no one will notice. He acts fast to control his fear so others will not notice.

Polite VS Impolite
When Peter Pan asks something, he does not force them to do as he says if they do not want to. Peter Pan always acts as a polite person by explaining to others whenever he gets upset or angry. He is never grumpy that will make others feel uncomfortable. He also knows what is right for others whether it is right or wrong, but he cannot be the judge on it because it is not his decision. Peter Pan is one of the polite person who never pushes his opinion when someone does not agree with him.
On the contrary, in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three, Pan is described as a villain who is impolite. Being impolite can be defined as engaging in aggressive face-work in particular contexts to cause social disruption. It can mean as an act to be impolite or without manners to others. According to Culpeper (Culpeper. 1996: 357)

as cited in Fauziati
Deconstruction of Peter Pan's Character in Edward Kitsis' and Adam Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three (2013) -Alya Safira (p.10-21) 18 (2014; 14-15), an impolite act can be seen in both positive and negative ways. Pan's impoliteness in negative ways is shown by persuading Henry to make him do what Pan says. Pan invades Henry's personal space by attacking his weaknesses. Henry cares about others and he will do everything he can to save others who needs his help. Pan sees the opportunity to gain Henry's trust by making him believe that what he is about to do is for the sake of everybody else's goodness. Pan tells Henry to sacrifice his heart to make Neverland's magic able to restore. In fact, it is actually only for Pan's profit to make him immortal. Every time Pan wants something, he always persuades people to do as he says and if they do not do it, there are always consequences. Pan can make others think that what they do is the best thing they should do. He is able to persuade Henry to do as he says, by saying that Henry will be the hero, but unfortunately Henry falls for that idea.
In a scene of Once Upon a Time, Season Three (2013; Episode 7), Pan makes Henry believe that Neverland magic is faded, that cause Wendy to be ill and incurable. Wendy persuades Henry that what Pan said to him is true and he is the only person who can restore magic in Neverland. After Henry see what happen to Wendy, he finally trusts Pan and will do everything to save Neverland. In order to persuade Henry, from Pan's action, it shows that Pan is trying to create an image of what will happen if there is no magic in Neverland. It implies that he is urging Henry if he does not do what Pan said, Neverland's magic will be gone forever.
The use of long shot technique in a scene is used to show Pan's characteristic as an impolite person (Prunes, 2018). Pan's emotion from distance and who is involved around him to makes the audience infers what is happening. The scenes are shot with low contrast and high key lighting. They shot overall brighter picture when the upbeat scene between Pan, Wendy and Henry is happening. The difference between light and dark image in the scene are small and appear soft to the eye. The scene also shot in medium shot to show how closely between two characters, Pan and Henry.
Peter Pan does not persuade people to do bad things for him, when he wants something from others, he will ask politely in a positive attitude. On the other side, Pan likes to dig other people information without their permission and the consequence for others they have to do everything for him without knowing. They have to do as he said or there would be consequences. Pan is able to persuade Henry to give his heart to him by saying to Henry that his heart will restore Neverland's magic and save Wendy, while his actual plan is to make Pan immortal.

Caring VS Selfish
According to Barrie's Peter Pan (Barrie. 2017), Peter Pan is a caring person. Caring could be defined as someone or something that shows kindness and concern for others. A person who is concerned about others and who does kind things for them is an example of someone who would be described as caring. Peter Pan in Barrie's work care about others more than about himself, he always tries to help others who live in Neverland. He especially cares about Wendy, because he cares so much about her, he cannot make the best decisions whether to make Wendy stays in Neverland or to let her go and see her turns into a grown-up woman.
Meanwhile, when Peter Pan is caring about others more than himself, Pan in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three is a selfish person. His selfish characteristics are described by another character in the film, Wendy Darling. In the scene, Wendy who has been kept as prisoner for years by Pan explains to the heroes, Emma, and other characters surround her what Pan wants to do to Henry Mills, the hero's son.
From Wendy's explanations about Pan, it shows that Pan's character in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three can be described as a selfish character who is different from Barrie's Peter Pan. In the previous explanation, it is stated that Pan can be included to the type of selfish person. He manipulated Henry by pretending to be a good person whereas he has a hidden plan with him. Pan also will do everything to make his plan succeeded, he always has many backup plans in case the first plan does not work.
Furthermore, Pan shows his selfish action to control Henry to make him granted Pan's will. When the heroes, Emma (The Savior), Regina (The Evil Queen), and Baelfire, are trying to save Henry and convincing him not to do as Pan tells him to do, Pan raises his voice to make Henry listen to Pan more than the heroes. He also shows a convincing look to make Henry only pay attention to him and do everything he says. The close-up technique (Prunes, 2018) is use to shows Pan's expressions and emotions in direct and personal manner. The scene shot in medium long shot to convey the neutral emotion of Pan for Henry.
Peter Pan cares about others because he is more concerned about others than himself. He will help his friends who needed him in Neverland and he does it willingly. Meanwhile, Pan as a selfish person only cares about himself and does not care the affect to others of his own actions. He always tries to controls everything so it happens according to his way.

CONCLUSION
The discussion has demonstrated that the character of Peter Pan in Kitsis' and Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three is deconstructed from Barrie's Peter Pan. It can be concluded that the character of Pan is proportionally inverted from the original character of Peter Pan. Barrie (2017) in his novel describes the character of Peter Pan as a hero who is adored by the lost boys and the Darlings, Wendy, John and Michael. While Kitsis and Horowitz (2013) deconstruct the character of Peter Pan as a villain who is hated by everyone and only cares about himself. He is the character who has a desire to be immortal and will do everything to get what he wants. Barrie describes Peter Pan as a hero who is honest, fearless, polite and care about others. On the contrary, Kitsis and Horowitz describes the character of Pan as a villain who is manipulative, fearful, impolite and selfish.
Deconstruction of Peter Pan's Character in Edward Kitsis' and Adam Horowitz's Once Upon a Time, Season Three (2013) -Alya Safira (p.10-21) 20 Furthermore, the creators of Once Upon a Time, Season Three deconstruct the character of Peter Pan who is manipulative. In general, Peter Pan is an honest person as he always tells the truth about what he feels about others. On the other hand, he is deconstructed as someone who does not always say the truth about anything. In fact, he manipulates others to cover his lies by making them think that he is being honest about everything he said. Then, Peter Pan is being deconstructed as a fearful person. According to Barrie (2017), Peter Pan is fearless character, he always stands up by trying to be brave and do the best he can to make sure that Captain Hook is the one who is scared instead of him. While Pan acts as a fearful person who does not show his fear clearly, but once he shows it no one will notice (Kitsis & Horowitz, 2013).
Next, as he is deconstructed, Pan is an impolite person who always persuades others to do bad things. Pan likes to dig other people information without their permission and the consequence for others they have to do everything for him without knowing. They have to do as he said or there would be consequences. He is able to persuade Henry to give his heart to him by saying to Henry that his heart will restore Neverland's magic and save Wendy, while his actual plan is to make Pan immortal. The last characteristic of Pan is selfish. While Peter Pan cares about others and concerned about them rather than himself, Pan is only cares about himself and does not care the affect to others of his own actions. He always tries to controls everything so it happens according to his way.